医疗保险英语作文

1. 求一篇关于保险（Insurance）的英语文章

Please
tell
me
whether
I
need
to
purchase
a
foreign
student
policy.
告诉我是否我需要购买外国学生保险。
I'd
like
to
know
whether
basic
health
insurance
coverage
should
include
benefits
for
outpatient,
hospital,
surgery
and
medical
expenses.
我想知道基本健康保险所列的项目是否应包括医院门诊，回住院，手术及药品答等费用的赔偿。
Will
you
please
tell
me
where
I
can
purchase
health
insurance?
请告诉我在何处能买到健康保险？

2. 美英国医疗保险英文 短文

国医疗保险制

服务概况

英国的医疗制度属于国家预算型医疗保险制度。英国医疗保险制度的主要特征是国家保健服务制 (National Health System，NHS)。英国政府强调广泛平等地享受医疗服务，政府主要通过税收资助全国性医疗服务。英国的国家保健服务制的医疗保险模式分为两大系统：社区卫生保健系统和医院服务系统。社区卫生保健系统提供90%以上的初级医疗服务，只将不到10%的服务转到医院服务系统。社区保健系统包括全科医疗服务和社区护理两个主要方面，所提供的医疗服务包括常见病的治疗、健康教育、社会预防和家庭护理等等，而各种损伤、急性病等可直接去医院就诊。英国卫生部门虽然采取措施限制病人使用医院服务，但医院仍然是NHS经费的最大消费机构，每年70%的NHS经费用于医院服务。 NHS经费主要是由国家投入。这种免费的国家保健制医疗制度有利于扩大医疗保健服务面，使人人都享有卫生保健，从这方面看，免费医疗制度对广大民从是非常有利的。
筹资方式
英国在1948年通过并颁布了《国家卫生服务法》，医疗保险范围扩大到全体公民，实施全民医疗保险制。这一制度又称全民医疗服务（NHS），其医疗经费主要来源于中央财政收入，约占全部国民保健费用的80%以上。其余的由人们缴纳的国民保险费、看病处方费、受益人为享受及时的较高档次的医疗服务而支付的费用来弥补。筹资方式是现收现付式。
享受全民医疗服务的条件是，凡有职业工作的国民，每人每月交纳工资的0．75%，雇主交纳工资总额的0．6%，独立劳动者和农民交纳收入的1．35%作为医疗保健费，即可包括其家庭在内享受国家统一规定的免费医疗待遇。由于医疗费用上涨过猛，为遏制浪费，规定每张处方个人需交2．2英镑的手续费，还有一些其他收费项目。
福利标准
（1）医疗保险制度组成内容。
英国的全民医疗服务，保证凡居住在英国的人，无须取得保险资格即可在免费或低费用的情况下享受相当完善的医疗保健服务。全民医疗服务由三部分构成，其一是医院与社区保健服务，其二是家庭保健服务，其三是健康与杂务服务。这里占主导地位的是第一项服务，1993－1994财政年度占到全部医疗保健服务费用的68．6%。
（2）医疗保险享受标准。
A.根据国民保健法规定，所有的英国人都可以享受免费医疗。但是牙科手术、视力检查和配眼镜要收费，对医生所开的每种药都要付处方费。下列人可以免交处方费：产妇、哺乳期妇女、儿童、退休者、因医疗事故造成的病人、战争或因公伤残津贴领取者以及低收入家庭。牙科门诊检查免费。牙科治疗病人须负担第一个英镑的费用，但21岁以下在校学生、孕妇和哺乳期妇女可以免费。16-21岁的离校青年安装假牙须付假牙费。儿童配眼镜可以免费。
B.全民保健系统规定由医师、护土、理疗师、体疗师、职业病医生、语言障碍治疗师和心理学医师对老人、伤残病人和精神病患者进行治疗，并免费向他们提供假肢、假眼、助听器、轮椅等医疗手段。重伤残废病人可以免费使用响铃、无线电、电视、电话和取暖器等设备。
C.全民保健系统的服务内容还包括对学校卫生、家庭卫生、食品安全、药物安全、环境卫生、卫生教育、防疫、毒品戒瘾治疗、堕胎、酒精中毒、私人医疗以及医务人员的培养训练等有关问题进行检查、监督和管理。
（3）医疗费用支付方式。
英国全民保健项目由社会保障主管机构将医疗费直接付给提供服务的医院和药品供应者。患病的被保险人与医院之间不发生直接的财务关系。这种免费医疗服务方式通常是由政府机关、企业或医疗保险主管机构，医生与医院或药品供应者分别签订契约，按照服务项目、类别、承治人数等，规定相应的报酬或发给固定薪金，对于医药费用则按规定实报实销。英国的医疗服务对象是全体英国公民，不参加社会保险的只享有医疗权，但无权领取现金补偿。
管理
全民保健法的实施由政府卫生部负责管理。英国全国各地分设100多个地区卫生管理局和委员会，负责管理国民保健的具体实施。每个区设有一个总医院，并设有普通医院、诊疗所、卫生中心、精神病院、传染病院、妇产医院、结核病医院等专科医院。目前英国国民保健系统共拥有2700所医院，37000多名医务人员（其中医师约14000名），415700名护理与接生人员和约50万张病床。此外，还有27000名私人开业医生、949名眼科医生和约15500名牙科医生与卫生管理当局订有合同，为国民保健系统服务。全国还有约10670个零售药店与卫生管理当局订有合同，负责国民保健处方的配药。
1998年，英国养老基金资产中52%为国内股票(美国为53%，法国和德国为10%)，18%为国外资产(美国为11%，法国5%和德国为7%)，其它为债券、现金和实业资产。职业年金和个人养老金计划的壮大促进了金融市场的发展，以养老基金的资产占GDP的比重来看，1997年英国养老基金的资产占 GDP的比重达74.7%，同期美国为58.2%，法国5.6%，德国5.8%，意大利3.0%。

3. 求一篇英语作文200字左右，内容是国家对于医保问题你觉得是实行国家支付还是个人支付，表明自己观点，

如何找到一份好工作想做什么，首先问五个问题：我要去哪里？我在哪里？我有什么？我的差距在哪里？我要怎么做？

以上五个问题涵盖了目标、定位、条件、距离、计划等诸多方面，只要在以上几个关键点上加以细化和精心设计，把自身因素和社会条件做到最大程度的契合，对实施过程加以控制，并能够在现实生活中知晓趋利避害，使职业生涯规划更具有实际意义。

做好职业定位 定位是自我定位和社会定位的统一，只有在了解自己和职业的基础上才能够给自己做准确定位。
检视个人特质：
（一）欲望(Desires)) （做事的能力）在此人生阶段 ，你究竟要什么？
（二）能力(Ability) 你擅长什么？（一般技术以及特别技术）
（三）性格特质（气质、性质） (Temperament) （气质、性质）你是什么类型的人？在何种情况下有最佳表现？
（四）资产(Assets) （有形与无形）你有什么比别人占优势的地方？

每个人群都需要定位，其目的是保证自己持续地发展。但是各个群体定位的重点不同：定位重点在于澄清自己有什么。过高或者过低估价自己，过于看重自己的文凭，或者看重自己的成绩，有的过于低估自己身上的潜质，所以，既需要认真地分析自己，又需要多了解社会需求，以求定位准确。在大多数情况下，正确的思路是，做你应该做的事，而不是做你喜欢做的事
找工作同做其它事情一样，也有方法和技巧。很多人找不到工作并不是因为他们没有做事的能力，而是因为他们在找工作过程中没有运用正确的方法和一定的技巧。所谓技巧，主要包括三个方面的内容：
⑴．了解自己，包括了解自己的知识、技能、性格、爱好以及身体状况等。找工作之前，你必须先对自己有全面的认识，一定得知道自己能做那方面的工作，不适合做哪方面的工作。找工作不能眼高手低，明明自己没有能力做的工作却偏要做，那结果一定是被拒之门外的。
⑵．了解你所选择的职业和行业。了解职业岗位的工作内容、工作性质和对从业者素质的要求。可以向亲朋好友中做过相关工作的人了解有关情况，也可以向从事这方面工作的其他人请教，他们经验丰富，体会深刻，能给你提供具有指导意义的信息，他们工作过程中的失败教训，对你可以起到预防的作用，而他们的成功经验又是你可以借鉴的。
⑶．自我推荐。在了解自己和工作的基础上，就开始求职了。求职就是寻找和得到工作的过程，通常包括获得用人的信息、争取面试、谈话、签约等环节。找工作就像推销商品一样，要让顾客买你的产品，你必须告诉对方，你的商品质量如何的高，价格怎样公道，才能吸引人们来买这种商品。同样，找工作时也要围绕着“我真正有能力做好这份工作，而我提出的要求也是十分合理的”这样一个中心来展开。一定要学会推销自己，这样别人才会认可和录用你

最后祝早日找到称心的工作开始美丽人生~~

4. 翻译为英语，求大神帮助，谢谢 本文根据医疗保险的相关模式,进一步研究了中国的社会医疗保险模式，汇总

本文根据医抄疗保险的相关模式袭,进一步研究了中国的社会医疗保险模式，汇总了当代社会医疗保险制度的都相关知识，并指出我国社会医疗的主要问题及目前改革现状。
英文：According to the relevant medical insurance model, further study China the social medical insurance model are summary of the related knowledge of contemporary social medical insurance system, and points out the main problems of China's social health and the current reform situation.

5. 求保险学英文作文4篇

保险学

保险学是一门研究保险及保险相关事物运动规律的经济学科。保险涉及的领域是多元化的，包括金融学、法学、医学、数学、经济学以及自然科学等内容。保险学的产生与发展,是一个不断变化,不断升华的过程,从保险法学到保险数学,从综合保险学到微观保险学,总体保险学,保险学逐渐成为一门相对独立的学科, 其研究对象是保险商品关系。作为保险学研究对象的保险商品关系是指保险当事人双方之间遵循商品等价交换原则,通过签订保险合同的法律形式确立双方的权利与义务,实现保险商品的经济补偿功能。在保险商品关系中,一方当事人按照合同的规定向另一方缴纳一定数额的费用,另一方当事人按照合同的规定承担经济补偿责任,即当发生保险事故或出现约定事件时,保险人按照合同规定的责任范围,对对方的经济损失进行补偿或给付,以保障对方的生产或生活的正常运行。保险商品关系既是一种经济关系,又是一种法律关系。保险商品关系的具体内容主要体现在以下四个层面: 第一,保险当事人之间的关系。第二,保险当事人与保险中介人之间的关系 。第三,保险企业之间的关系 。第四,国家对保险业实施监管而形成的管理与被管理的关系 。

保险学的四个独特方面：
1、多属性。指保险学是一门社会科学和自然科学相互交叉的综合管理科学，所研究的内容既有属于社会科学的，也有属于自然科学的。 2、广泛性。广泛性是指保险学所研究的内容，涉及面非常广泛。因为保险的对象具有广泛性，社会生产的各个环节、各行各业都需要保险；保险工作人员要与各种自然灾害和意外事故打交道，还要配合各部门搞好防灾防损工作 。 3、法律性。保险合同的订立和履行，都以民法和合同法为依据，涉外的保险业务还与国际私法、国际商法和海商法有着密切关系。 4、实践性。保险学主要是一门应用学科。

insurance policy保险学
In insurance, the insurance policy is a contract (generally a standard form contract) between the insurer and the insured, known as the policyholder, which determines the claims which the insurer is legally required to pay. In exchange for payment, known as the premium, the insurer pays for damages to the insured which are caused by covered perils under the policy language. Insurance contracts are designed to meet specific needs and thus have many features not found in many other types of contracts. Since insurance policies are standard forms, they feature boilerplate language which is similar across a wide variety of different types of insurance policies.
The insurance policy is generally an integrated contract, meaning that it includes all forms associated with the agreement between the insured and insurer.[1]:10 In some cases, however, supplementary writings such as letters sent after the final agreement can make the insurance policy a non-integrated contract.[1]:11 One insurance textbook states that "courts consider all prior negotiations or agreements ... every contractual term in the policy at the time of delivery, as well as those written afterwards as policy riders and endorsements ... with both parties' consent, are part of written policy".[2] The textbook also states that the policy must refer to all papers which are part of the policy.[2] Oral agreements are subject to the parol evidence rule, and may not be considered part of the policy. Advertising materials and circulars are typically not part of a policy.[2] Oral contracts pending the issuance of a written policy can occur.[2]

人身保险

人身保险是以人的寿命和身体为保险标的的保险。当人们遭受不幸事故或因疾病、年老以致丧失工作能力、伤残、死亡或年老退休时，根据保险合同的约定，保险人对被保险人或受益人给付保险金或年金，以解决其因病、残、老、死所造成的经济困难。
人身保险是以人的寿命和身体为保险标的的保险。人身保险的投保人按照保单约定向保险人缴纳保险费，当被保险人在合同期限内发生死亡、伤残、疾病等保险事故或达到人身保险合同约定的年龄、期限时，由保险人依照合同约定承担给付保险金的责任。人身保险分为人寿保险、健康保险和人身意外伤害保险。
传统人身保险的产品种类繁多，但按照保障范围可以划分为人寿保险、人身意外伤害保险和健康保险。 而人寿保险又可分为定期寿险、两全保险、年金保险、疾病保险等，健康保险则又可分为疾病保险、医疗保险、失能收入损失保险、护理保险等。 其中，年金保险因其在保险金的给付上采用每年定期支付的形式而得名，实际操作中年金保险还有每季度给付、每月给付等多种形式。养老年金保险可以为被保险人提供老年生活所需的资金，教育年金保险则可以为子女教育提供必要的经费支持。 同时，消费者可能会在人身意外伤害保险和定期寿险的选择上难以抉择，其实两者还是有较大不同的。首先意外伤害保险承保因意外伤害而导致的身故，不承保因疾病而导致的身故，而这两种原因导致的身故都属于定期寿险的保险责任范围。其次，意外伤害保险承保因意外伤害导致的残疾，并依照不同的残疾程度给付保险金。定期寿险有的不包含残疾给付责任，有的虽然包含残疾责任，但仅包括《人身保险残疾程度与保险给付比例表》中的最严重的一级残疾。最后，意外伤害保险一般保险期间较短，多为一年及一年期以下，而定期寿险则一般保险期间较长，可以为五年、十年、二十年甚至更长时间。
以上几种传统人身保险，均为纯保障类型。而随着经济的发展，资本市场化程度的日益提高，近几年在国内投资市场上又出现了将保障和投资融于一体的新型投资型险种，主要包括分红型、万能型、投资连结型等三种类型。

Life insurance人身保险

Life insurance or life assurance is a contract between the policy owner and the insurer, where the insurer agrees to pay a designated beneficiary a sum of money upon the occurrence of the insured indivial's or indivials' death or other event, such as terminal illness or critical illness. In return, the policy owner agrees to pay a stipulated amount at regular intervals or in lump sums. There may be designs in some countries where bills and death expenses plus catering for after funeral expenses should be included in Policy Premium. In the United States, the predominant form simply specifies a lump sum to be paid on the insured's demise.

As with most insurance policies, life insurance is a contract between the insurer and the policy owner whereby a benefit is paid to the designated beneficiaries if an insured event occurs which is covered by the policy.

The value for the policyholder is derived, not from an actual claim event, rather it is the value derived from the 'peace of mind' experienced by the policyholder, e to the negating of adverse financial consequences caused by the death of the Life Assured.

To be a life policy the insured event must be based upon the lives of the people named in the policy.

Life policies are legal contracts and the terms of the contract describe the limitations of the insured events. Specific exclusions are often written into the contract to limit the liability of the insurer; for example claims relating to suicide, fraud, war, riot and civil commotion.

Life-based contracts tend to fall into two major categories:

Protection policies - designed to provide a benefit in the event of specified event, typically a lump sum payment. A common form of this design is term insurance.
Investment policies - where the main objective is to facilitate the growth of capital by regular or single premiums. Common forms (in the US anyway) are whole life, universal life and variable life policies.

年金

年金，是定期或不定期的时间内一系列的现金流入或流出。年金额是指每次发生收支的金额。年金期间是指相邻两次年金额间隔时间，年金时期是指整个年金收支的持续期，一般有若干个期间。参与年金计划是一种很好的投资安排，而提供年金合同的金融机构一般为保险公司和国库券等，比如你购买养老保险，其实就是参与年金合同。年金终值包括各年存入的本金相加以及各年存入的本金所产生的利息，但是，由于这些本金存入的时间不同，所以所产生的利息也不相同。

年金按其每次收付款项发生的时点不同，可以分为普通年金（后付年金）、即付年金（先付年金，预付年金）、递延年金(延期年金)、永续年金等类型。 1、普通年金 普通年金是指从第一期起，在一定时期内每期期末等额收付的系列款项，又称为后付年金。 2、即付年金 即付年金是指从第一期起，在一定时期内每期期初等额收付的系列款项，又称先付年金。即付年金与普通年金的区别仅在于付款时间的不同。 3、递延年金 递延年金是指第一次收付款发生时间与第一期无关，而是隔若干期（m）后才开始发生的系列等额收付款项。它是普通年金的特殊形式。 4、永续年金 永续年金是指无限期等额收付的特种年金。它是普通年金的特殊形式，即期限趋于无穷的普通年金。

Annuity

An annuity is an investment vehicle sold primarily by insurance companies. Several types of annuities exist. Every annuity has two basic properties: whether the payout is immediate or deferred, and whether the returns are fixed (guaranteed) or variable. An annuity with immediate payout begins payments to the investor immediately after it is purchased, while deferred payout means that the investor will receive payments at some later date. An annuity with a fixed return offers a guaranteed return by investing in low-risk securities like government bonds, and is commonly known as a fixed annuity. An annuity with a variable return offers results that vary with the performance of the funds (called sub-accounts) where the money is invested, for example stocks. This article discusses fixed and variable annuities, and gives a list of sources for additional information about annuities.
Fixed Annuities
The basic premise of a fixed annuity is that you give a sum of money to an insurance company, and in exchange they promise to pay you a fixed monthly amount for a certain period of time. In the case of a single premium immediate annuity (SPIA), the payments begin at a date of your choice, for example at your retirement. So these vehicles can be used as tax-deferred investments, or can be seen as a way to convert a lump sum into an income stream.
Variable Annuities
A variable annuity is essentially an insurance contract joined at the hip with an investment proct. Annuities function as tax-deferred savings vehicles with insurance-like properties; they use an insurance policy to provide the tax deferral. The insurance contract and investment proct combine to offer the following features:
1. Tax deferral on earnings.
2. Ability to name beneficiaries to receive the balance remaining in the account on death.
3. "Annuitization"--that is, the ability to receive payments for life based on your life expectancy.
4. The guarantees provided in the insurance component.
A variable annuity invests in stocks or bonds, has no predetermined rate of return, and offers a possibly higher rate of return when compared to a fixed annuity. The remainder of this article focuses on variable annuites.

风险管理
险管理是指如何在一个肯定有风险的环境里把风险减至最低的管理过程。当中包括了对风险的量度、评估和应变策略。理想的风险管理，是一连串排好优先次序的过程，使当中的可以引致最大损失及最可能发生的事情优先处理、而相对风险较低的事情则押后处理。 但现实情况里，这优化的过程往往很难决定，因为风险和发生的可能性通常并不一致，所以要权衡两者的比重，以便作出最合适的决定。 风险管理亦要面对有效资源运用的难题。这牵涉到机会成本(opportunity cost)的因素。把资源用于风险管理，可能使能运用于有回报活动的资源减低；而理想的风险管理，正希望能够花最少的资源去去尽可能化解最大的危机。 “风险管理”曾经在1990年代西方商业界前往中国进行投资的行政人员必修科目。当年不少MBA课程都额外加入“风险管理”的环节。
在降低风险的收益与成本之间进行权衡并决定采取何种措施的过程。 确定减少的成本收益权衡方案（trade-off)和决定采取的行动计划（包括决定不采取任何行动）的过程成为风险管理。 首先，风险管理必须识别风险。风险识别是确定何种风险可能会对企业产生影响，最重要的是量化不确定性的程度和每个风险可能造成损失的程度。 其次，风险管理要着眼于风险控制，公司通常采用积极的措施来控制风险。通过降低其损失发生的概率

6. 英文单词：中国医保和西方医保

总的医疗保障叫：health care system，也叫medical care或health care

它包括medical insurance医疗保险，就是自己出钱让保险公司为你报销，和政内府无关。容

另一个医疗保障类型是medicaid也即医疗补助，必须有专门的资格才能申请，比如老兵、残疾人等

想了解美国的医疗体系和改革，建议你看看：http://insurance.jrj.com.cn/2009/12/0814256601484.shtml

7. 求关于医保的英语作文

又是论文

8. “五险一金”的英文翻译

一、“五险”的英文翻译

1、养老保险（ insurance）；

2、医疗保险（medical insurance）；

3、失业保险（unemployment insurance）；

4、工伤保险（employment injury insurance）；

5、生育保险（maternity insurance）。

二、“一金”的英文翻译

住房公积金（Housing Provident Fund）。

(8)医疗保险英语作文扩展阅读

五险一金的办理

(1)社保、公积金开户

企业需要在成立之日起三十日内去社保局及公积金中心办理社保、公积金开户。社保开户后会拿到《社保登记证》，公积金开户后会取得单位公积金登记号。

(2)增减员

单位每月都必须把企业新增的员工添加进单位的五险一金账户中，并把已经离职的员工从账户中删除。社保、公积金账户为两个独立的账户，增减员工的操作在两个账户中都必须进行。

(3)确认缴费基数

单位每月需要为员工申报正确的五险一金缴费基数，以确保五险一金的正常缴纳。五险一金的缴费基数以员工上年度平均工资或入职首月工资为准。

(4)五险一金缴费

如果企业、银行、社保/公积金管理机构三方签订了银行代缴协议，则五险一金费用将在每月固定时间从企业银行账户中直接扣除。当然企业也可以选择通过现金或者支票的形式前往五险一金管理机构现场缴费。

9. 医疗保险英文文献、资料

http://www.pitt.e/~super1/lecture/lec19571/index.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance

Health insurance
Health insurance works by estimating the overall risk of healthcare expenses and developing a routine finance structure (such as a monthly premium or annual tax) that will ensure that money is available to pay for the healthcare benefits specified in the insurance agreement. The benefit is administered by a central organization, most often either a government agency or a private or not-for-profit entity operating a health plan.

How it works
A Health insurance policy is a contract between an insurance company and an indivial. The contract can be renewable annually or monthly. The type and amount of health care costs that will be covered by the health plan are specified in advance, in the member contract or Evidence of Coverage booklet. The indivial policy-holder's payment obligations may take several forms[7]:

Premium: The amount the policy-holder pays to the health plan each month to purchase health coverage.
Dectible: The amount that the policy-holder must pay out-of-pocket before the health plan pays its share. For example, a policy-holder might have to pay a $500 dectible per year, before any of their health care is covered by the health plan. It may take several doctor's visits or prescription refills before the policy-holder reaches the dectible and the health plan starts to pay for care.
Copayment: The amount that the policy-holder must pay out of pocket before the health plan pays for a particular visit or service. For example, a policy-holder might pay a $45 copayment for a doctor's visit, or to obtain a prescription. A copayment must be paid each time a particular service is obtained.
Coinsurance: Instead of paying a fixed amount up front (a copayment), the policy-holder must pay a percentage of the total cost. For example, the member might have to pay 20% of the cost of a surgery, while the health plan pays the other 80%. Because there is no upper limit on coinsurance, the policy-holder can end up owing very little, or a significant amount, depending on the actual costs of the services they obtain.
Exclusions: Not all services are covered. The policy-holder is generally expected to pay the full cost of non-covered services out of their own pocket.
Coverage limits: Some health plans only pay for health care up to a certain dollar amount. The policy-holder may be expected to pay any charges in excess of the health plan's maximum payment for a specific service. In addition, some plans have annual or lifetime coverage maximums. In these cases, the health plan will stop payment when they reach the benefit maximum, and the policy-holder must pay all remaining costs.
Out-of-pocket maximums: Similar to coverage limits, except that in this case, the member's payment obligation ends when they reach the out-of-pocket maximum, and the health plan pays all further covered costs. Out-of-pocket maximums can be limited to a specific benefit category (such as prescription drugs) or can apply to all coverage provided ring a specific benefit year.
Capitation: An amount paid by an insurer to a health care provider, for which the provider agrees to treat all members of the insurer.
In-Network Provider: A health care provider on a list of providers preselected by the insurer. The insurer will offer discounted coinsurance or copayments, or additional benefits, to a plan member to see an in-network provider. Generally, providers in network are providers who have a contract with the insurer to accept rates further discounted from the "usual and customary" charges the insurer pays to out-of-network providers.
Prescription drug plans are a form of insurance offered through some employer benefit plans in the US, where the patient pays a copayment and the prescription drug insurance part or all of the balance for drugs covered in the formulary of the plan.

Some, if not most, health care providers in the United States will agree to bill the insurance company if patients are willing to sign an agreement that they will be responsible for the amount that the insurance company doesn't pay. The insurance company pays out of network providers according to "reasonable and customary" charges, which may be less than the provider's usual fee. The provider may also have a separate contract with the insurer to accept what amounts to a discounted rate or capitation to the provider's standard charges. It generally costs the patient less to use an in-network provider.

Health plan vs. health insurance
Historically, HMOs tended to use the term "health plan", while commercial insurance companies used the term "health insurance". A health plan can also refer to a subscription-based medical care arrangement offered through health maintenance organization, HMO, PPO, or POS plan. These plans are similar to pre-paid dental, pre-paid legal, and pre-paid vision plans. Pre-paid health plans typically pay for a fixed number of services (for instance, $300 in preventive care, a certain number of days of hospice care or care in a skilled nursing facility, a fixed number of home health visits, a fixed number of spinal manipulation charges, etc.) The services offered are usually at the discretion of a utilization review nurse who is often contracted through the managed care entity providing the subscription health plan. This determination may be made either prior to or after hospital admission (concurrent utilization review).

[edit] Inherent problems with insurance
Insurance systems must typically deal with two inherent challenges: adverse selection, which affects any voluntary system, and ex-post moral hazard, which affects any insurance system in which a third party bears major responsibility for payment, whether that is an employer or the government. Some national systems with compulsory insurance utilize systems such as risk equalization and community rating to overcome these inherent problems.

[edit] Adverse selection
Insurance companies use the term "adverse selection" to describe the tendency for only those who will benefit from insurance to buy it. Specifically when talking about health insurance, unhealthy people are more likely to purchase health insurance because they anticipate large medical bills. On the other side, people who consider themselves to be reasonably healthy may decide that medical insurance is an unnecessary expense; if they see the doctor once a year and it costs $250, that's much better than making monthly insurance payments of $40. (example figures).

The fundamental concept of insurance is that it balances costs across a large, random sample of indivials (see risk pool). For instance, an insurance company has a pool of 1000 randomly selected subscribers, each paying $100 per month. One person becomes very ill while the others stay healthy, allowing the insurance company to use the money paid by the healthy people to pay for the treatment costs of the sick person. However, when the pool is self-selecting rather than random, as is the case with indivials seeking to purchase health insurance directly, adverse selection is a greater concern.[8] A disproportionate share of health care spending is attributable to indivials with high health care costs. In the US the 1% of the population with the highest spending accounted for 27% of aggregate health care spending in 1996. The highest-spending 5% of the population accounted for more than half of all spending. These patterns were stable through the 1970s and 1980s, and some data suggest that they may have been typical of the mid-to-early 20th century as well.[9][10] A few indivials have extremely high medical expenses, in extreme cases totaling a half million dollars or more.[11] Adverse selection could leave an insurance company with primarily sick subscribers and no way to balance out the cost of their medical expenses with a large number of healthy subscribers.

Because of adverse selection, insurance companies employ medical underwriting, using a patient's medical history to screen out those whose pre-existing medical conditions pose too great a risk for the risk pool. Before buying health insurance, a person typically fills out a comprehensive medical history form that asks whether the person smokes, how much the person weighs, whether the person has been treated for any of a long list of diseases and so on. In general, those who present large financial burdens are denied coverage or charged high premiums to compensate.[12] One large US instry survey found that roughly 13 percent of applicants for comprehensive, indivially purchased health insurance who went through the medical underwriting in 2004 were denied coverage. Declination rates increased significantly with age, rising from 5 percent for indivials 18 and under to just under a third for indivials aged 60 to 64.[13] Among those who were offered coverage, the study found that 76% received offers at standard premium rates, and 22% were offered higher rates.[14] On the other side, applicants can get discounts if they do not smoke and are healthy.[15]

Health insurance in Canada
Most health insurance in Canada is administered by each province, under the Canada Health Act, which requires all people to have free access to basic health services. Collectively, the public provincial health insurance systems in Canada are frequently referred to as Medicare. Private health insurance is allowed, but the provincial governments allow it only for services that the public health plans do not cover; for example, semi-private or private rooms in hospitals and prescription drug plans. Canadians are free to use private insurance for elective medical services such as laser vision correction surgery, cosmetic surgery, and other non-basic medical proceres. Some 65% of Canadians have some form of supplementary private health insurance; many of them receive it through their employers.[17] Private-sector services not paid for by the government account for nearly 30 percent of total health care spending.[18]

In 2005, the Supreme Court of Quebec ruled, in Chaoulli v. Quebec, that the province's prohibition on private insurance for health care already insured by the provincial plan could constitute an infringement of the right to life and security if there were long wait times for treatment as happened in this case. Certain other provinces have legislation which financially discourages but does not forbid private health insurance in areas covered by the public plans. The ruling has not changed the overall pattern of health insurance across Canada but has spurred on attempts to tackle the core issues of supply and demand and the impact of wait times.[19]

Health insurance in the Netherlands
In the Netherlands in 2006, a new system of health insurance came into force. All insurance companies have to provide at least one policy which meets a government set minimum standard level of cover and all alt residents are obliged by law to purchase this cover from an insurance company of their choice.

The new system avoids the two pitfalls of adverse selection and moral hazard associated with traditional forms of health insurance.

In the Dutch system, insurance companies are compensated for taking on high risk indivials because they receive extra funding for them. This funding comes from an insurance equalization pool run by a regulator which collects salary based contributions from employers (about 45% of all health care funding) and funding from the government for people whose means are such that they cannot afford health care (about 5% of all funding). Thus insurance companies find that insuring high risk indivials becomes an attractive proposition. All insurance companies receive from the pool, but those with more high risk indivials will receive more from the fund. The remaining 45% of health care funding comes from insurance premiums paid by the public. Insurance companies compete for this money on price alone. The insurance companies are not allowed to set down any co-payments or caps or dectibles. Neither are they allowed to deny coverage to any person applying for a policy or charge anything other than their nationally set and internet published standard policy premiums. Every person buying insurance from that company will pay the same price as everyone else buying that policy. And every person will get the minimum level of coverage. Children under 18 are insured for free (the funding coming from the equalization pool).

In addition to this minimum level, companies are free to sell extra insurance for additional coverage over the national minimum, but extra risks for this are not covered from the insurance pool and must therefore be priced accordingly.

Health insurance in the United Kingdom
Main article: National Health Service
Great Britain's National Health Service (NHS) is a publicly funded healthcare system that provides coverage to everyone normally resident in the UK. The NHS provides the majority of health care in England, including primary care, in-patient care, long-term health care, ophthalmology and dentistry. Private health care has continued parallel to the NHS, paid for largely by private insurance, but it is used by less than 8% of the population, and generally as a top-up to NHS services. Recently the private sector has been increasingly used to increase NHS capacity despite a large proportion of the British public opposing such involvement.[20]. According to the World Health Organization, government funding covered 86% of overall health care expenditures in the UK as of 2004, with private expenditures covering the remaining 14%.[21] The costs of running the NHS (est. £104 billion in 2007-8)[22] are met directly from general taxation.

The National Health Service Act 1946 came into effect on 5 July 1948. The UK government department responsible for the NHS is the Department of Health, headed by a Secretary of State for Health (Health Secretary), who sits in the British Cabinet. The NHS is the world's largest health service, and the world's third largest employer[23] after the Chinese army and the Indian railways.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service

Health insurance in the United States

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance

http://www.ahip.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States

http://www.google.com.sg/search?hl=en&q=health+insurance+in+England&meta=

http://www.google.com.sg/search?hl=en&q=health+insurance+in+India&meta=

10. 英语作文。农村医疗保险对农民的好处

我一个农村人 农村医疗保险对农民还是不错的 最起码我们能看的起病了 但是相对来说也是有弊端的 因为农村医疗所得待遇问题 导致一些小病都要看很久