① 初一英語作文,和英語篇文摘抄
可以用在線翻譯嘛。 邇輸中文讓電腦幫邇翻譯就好了。 雖然會翻譯有不準旳時候。
② 想找一篇100--200詞英語作文摘抄《土耳其麥加大清真寺》
土耳其的擴張是14世紀興起的奧斯曼土耳其國家為掠奪土地和財富對外進行的侵略戰爭。其結果是在亞洲、歐洲和北非洲遼闊的土地上建立起龐大的奧斯曼帝國和土耳其霸權。
土耳其人的祖先是我國北方游牧的突厥人。5世紀時,突厥人居於天山和阿爾泰山之間,處於原始社會末期。6世紀中期,突厥成為橫亘亞洲北部的大國。經過6-7世紀隋、唐對突厥的戰爭,突厥國破滅,領土並入唐朝版圖。1055年,在中亞游牧的一支塞爾柱突厥人以古代波斯為中心形成塞爾柱國家,塞爾柱國家曾繁榮一時。突厥人先後征服了小亞細亞和安納托利亞。1299年,突厥部落的一支奧斯曼人成立獨立的國家,即奧斯曼國。長期以游牧為生的奧斯曼人此時開始向農業定居生活過渡,並在新征服的土地上分封采邑。1324-1360年奧爾漢統治時期,開始形成真正統一的奧斯曼國家。
奧斯曼國家從建立之日起就不斷對外擴張,直到16世紀建成龐大的帝國,達到奧斯曼帝國的極盛時期。
奧斯曼擴張戰爭
土耳其長達200多年的對外征服戰爭可以分為三個階段。第一階段是1360-1402年,經過兩位皇帝的西征東討,奧斯曼國土面積擴大了數倍。第二階段是1451-1512年,奧斯曼由於帖木兒的侵略曾一度中衰。經過內戰和對西方基督徒的戰爭又復強大起來。這一時期奧斯曼帝國滅了拜占庭,佔領了巴爾干,完成了安納托利亞的統一。第三階段是1512-1571年,奧斯曼帝國處於極盛時期,建成地跨亞歐非的龐大帝國。但盛極而衰,帝國對外征戰受挫,開始走下坡路。
1360年,穆拉德一世即位後立即著手組織對巴爾乾的征戰,因為此時的巴爾干形勢對自己十分有利。拜占庭帝國日薄西山,治權不超過君士坦丁堡及其附近一隅土地;巴爾乾的重要國家塞爾維亞面臨分裂;保加利亞自1330年被塞爾維亞戰敗後元氣未復;在地中海東部和海峽地區有巨大經濟政治利益的威尼斯和熱那亞經常處於明爭暗鬥之中。
1363年,穆拉德一世攻佔埃迪爾內,接著又佔領保加利亞的普洛夫迪夫。驚恐之下,匈牙利、塞爾維亞、保加利亞、瓦拉幾亞組織聯軍反擊,但在1364年的馬查河戰役中被人數處於劣勢的奧斯曼軍隊擊潰。此後的東南歐各國更抵抗不住土耳其人的攻勢,節節敗退。1389年6月,6萬奧斯曼軍隊同由塞爾維亞、波斯尼亞、匈牙利、瓦拉幾亞、阿爾巴尼亞、波蘭、捷克人組成的10萬聯軍在科索沃原野(塞爾維亞東南部普里什蒂納城附近)進行決戰。戰役開始,塞國的拉扎爾公爵率軍緊逼土軍,酣戰之際,塞國封建主米洛奇·奧比利奇潛入敵營殺穆拉德一世,其子巴耶塞特接替指揮。戰斗異常激烈,最終以聯軍慘敗而告終,許多將軍被俘並遭殺害。
科索沃戰役結束了多瑙河以南地區對土耳其的抵抗,塞爾維亞淪為奧斯曼附庸。
穆拉德在位30餘年,使其國土面積擴大了5倍。他是一位卓越的軍事家,組建了一支紀律嚴密、生氣勃勃的軍隊,在向西擴張中幾乎所向無敵。同時,他也是一位政治家,用聯姻等手段擴大了在亞洲的領土。他為日後土耳其的進一步擴張奠定了基礎。他的兒子巴耶塞特一世即位後,把擴張的主要精力轉向東方,數年之內疆土已達幼發拉底河上游。這時,西方國家的封建主和教會意識到東方"異教徒"的威脅,開始發出團結抗敵的呼聲。1396年,他們組成了一支龐大的十字軍,參加者除匈牙利國王西吉斯蒙德領導的匈軍、瓦拉幾亞和波斯尼亞軍隊外,還有來自英、法、意、德、捷等國的騎士,總數在6-10萬之間。十字軍分兩路進攻奧斯曼國土,9月初在尼科波爾會合,准備攻佔該城。24日,土軍在此以南4-5公里處佔領陣地,把步兵配置在高地上,並以木柵掩護,輕騎兵在步兵之前,重騎兵位於高地之後。十字軍紀律敗壞,傲慢輕敵。法國騎士不待整個軍隊做好戰斗准備就向土耳其弓箭手展開猛攻。土弓箭手故意後撤,將法國騎兵引入步兵陣地,使其遭受重大損失。爾後,土重騎兵由兩翼夾擊法國騎士,將其擊潰,接著又各個擊破其餘部隊,大敗十字軍。被俘的近萬基督徒除重金贖回24人外均被殺害。尼科波爾戰役鞏固了奧斯曼在多瑙河以南的統治。1393年起,奧斯曼人開始對君士坦丁堡持續圍攻,迫使拜占庭帝國同意在城內修建穆斯林區、清真寺,任命伊斯蘭法官,對奧斯曼的年貢增加到1萬金幣,奧斯曼在君士坦丁堡近郊有駐軍權。此時正大力擴張的帖木兒與奧斯曼人在小亞細亞相撞。1402年在原野會戰,奧斯曼軍隊大敗,國王巴耶塞特和一個兒子被俘。從此奧斯曼在亞洲的勢力受到沉重打擊,並為爭奪王位發生內戰。
穆罕默德二世即位(1451年)後,奧斯曼中興。他做了兩年的准備後,於1453年開始圍攻君士坦丁堡。君士坦丁堡三面臨海,一面有堅固城牆,易守難攻,城牆、"希臘火"和金角灣口大鐵鏈是其護城三大法寶。54天的圍攻由於金角灣方面未能合圍而失敗。4月21日夜,奧斯曼人買通熱那亞人(守城部隊一部分)並沿其控制的加拉塔區邊界鋪設一條15公里長的木板滑道,把70艘小船從陸路拖入金角灣,終於完成了對君士坦丁堡的海陸合圍。經過激烈的戰斗,奧斯曼軍隊終於在5月29日攻下君士坦丁堡,拜占庭末帝被殺。無數財寶被搶劫,古典文化慘遭破壞,6萬居民被賣為奴,著名的聖索菲亞教堂被改為清真寺。這就是後來的伊斯坦布爾。
佔領君士坦丁堡不僅標志著拜占庭帝國千年統治的結束,而且意味著新的世界帝國奧斯曼帝國的崛起。它在東方穆斯林國家中的威望急劇上升,對內控制能力和對外侵略擴張能力隨之倍增,對歐亞國際局勢的發展具有越來越大的發言權。在此後的20-30年,奧斯曼帝國的領土迅速擴大,塞爾維亞、摩利亞、瓦拉幾亞、波斯尼亞、阿爾巴尼亞先後成為帝國的一部分。在亞洲,蘇丹也兼並了許多地方,基本完成了安納托利亞的統一,並使克里木汗國臣服。
1512年塞利姆一世即位,開始了帝國極盛時期的對外擴張。塞利姆的主要對手是企圖插手安納托利亞事務的伊朗薩菲王朝和埃及麥木魯克王朝。薩菲王朝信奉什葉派,在安納托利亞擁有數以萬計的信徒,煽動叛亂反對遜尼派奧斯曼的統治。塞利姆逮捕7萬什葉派信徒並處決其中5萬人,使雙方仇恨達到極點。1514年春,塞利姆率14萬大軍、300門大炮直奔波斯邊界。8月23日,奧斯曼軍隊在查爾迪蘭與8萬波斯騎兵進行決戰,大敗波斯軍,佔領大不里士,次年又奪取庫爾德斯坦地區。查爾迪蘭戰役的勝利使奧斯曼帝國鞏固了東部邊界,控制了由大不里士至阿勒頗和布爾薩的道路。
1516年6月,塞利姆進攻阿勒頗,同時命令艦隊襲擾敘利亞沿海。8月24日,雙方在阿勒頗附近的達比克草原進行決戰,大敗埃軍並使年邁的麥木魯克蘇丹命喪黃泉。奧軍乘勝追擊,相繼佔領阿勒頗、大馬士革、耶路撒冷、加沙等地,1517年1月底進入開羅,麥木魯克王朝滅亡。敘利亞、巴勒斯坦、漢志和埃及直到南部努比亞地區全部並入奧斯曼版圖,使之成為地跨歐亞非的大帝國。征服埃及的結果大大加強了奧斯曼帝國的政治經濟地位。作為哈利發和伊斯蘭兩大聖地的保護者,奧斯曼蘇丹在穆斯林中具有至高無上的威望,作為埃及和紅海兩岸的三人,奧斯曼控制了印度到地中海的紅海商路。
塞普勒斯每年向埃及交納的8000金幣轉歸奧斯曼。塞利姆極為重視地中海上霸權,命令在金角灣興建新船廠,建造150艘兵船,為其海上擴張打下基礎。
蘇萊曼一世(1520-1566年)時期,奧斯曼帝國的對外擴張達到極點。他在位46年,親征13次,除圍攻維也納(1529年)和科孚島(1526年)失敗外,都取得勝利。在歐洲,蘇萊曼的侵略矛頭指向匈牙利,主要對手是奧地利哈布斯堡王朝。1521年,蘇萊曼奪取匈牙利控制下的貝爾格萊德,1526年在摩哈赤使匈軍全軍覆沒,佔領布達佩斯、扶植傀儡。
1529年他再征匈牙利,因遭到頑強抵抗,被迫於10月班師。
1540年,蘇萊曼再征匈牙利,派總督直接管理,並將其一分為三。蘇萊曼在亞洲征服的對象是高加索和伊拉克。經過多次戰爭,奧斯曼帝國控制了巴士拉-巴格達-阿勒頗這一印度至地中海的第二條商道,1555年同薩菲王朝簽訂的《阿馬西亞和約》確認伊拉克和喬治亞、亞美尼亞的西部地區歸奧斯曼帝國。
蘇萊曼在陸上擴張節節勝利的同時,也大力搶奪海上霸權。他一面加緊擴建海軍,一面加強與海盜的聯系,決心在海權方面也要超過西方異教徒國家。1522年,蘇萊曼調10萬大軍渡海出征羅德島,經9個月圍攻終於從騎士團手中拿下該島,保證了伊斯坦布爾同埃及的海上聯系。1534年,被任命為總督的海盜哈伊勒丁(巴巴羅斯)率奧斯曼艦隊佔領突尼西亞。1538年,奧斯曼艦隊同西班牙、教皇、威尼斯、葡萄牙的聯合艦隊在普雷佛扎附近海面發生海上決戰,奧斯曼艦隊(150艘)戰勝了兩倍於己的聯合艦隊,威尼斯被迫割地,並賠款30萬金幣。這次海戰大大鞏固了奧斯曼在東地中海的地位。1551年,奧斯曼艦隊圍攻馬爾他島,奪取的黎波里,並多次襲擾義大利、西班牙沿岸地區和西班牙控制的北非奧蘭地區。但1571年的勒頒多海戰,奧斯曼被聯合艦隊打敗。與此同時,蘇萊曼還致力於印度洋海權的爭奪。1529年他曾考慮挖掘運河,溝通地中海與印度的直接聯系。他在蘇伊士港建立紅海艦隊,並於1538年出征印度,雖然沿途獲勝但這次遠征卻以失敗告終。
奧斯曼從一個鮮為人知的小亞細亞北部小國迅速崛起成為一個歐亞非強大帝國,主要原因之一就是它擁有一支在分封土地制度上建立起的強大軍隊。這支軍隊由西帕希騎兵和耶尼切里兵團組成,紀律嚴明,待遇優厚,統一指揮,戰鬥力很強。幾位國王都是傑出的統帥,雄才大略,善於分析戰略形勢並抓住時機,英勇善戰和正確的戰略戰術相結合,輔之以外交手段和謀略計策,保證了奧斯曼帝國的大軍所向披靡,節節勝利。
奧斯曼人的征服和統治的後果之一就是加速了許多地區的伊斯蘭化,對以後的世界格局產生深遠影響。
③ 摘抄一篇英語作文my holiday,不少於50字
滿意回答
My summer holiday
I had a happy summer holiday because I did many interesting things.
I went to the beach and I swam in the sea.I called my friend and played with them.I visited my grandparents and ate much delicious food.
Then I went to the zoo whit my sister.I was very happy.Because I saw a lot of animals.They were very lovely.So I took photos of all animals.I liked the butterflies best.They were colourful and beautiful.My sister liked it too.
I had a wonderful summer holiday this year.What about you? Can you tell me somthing about it?
④ 英語作文題目寫一篇英語作文,題目是The power of smiles,不要網上摘抄的
My first experience of surfing the internet
I still remember clearly about the first time I surfed the intenet. I was asked to search some information through the internet by my teacher. So I had to go to the Internet Cafe. I just spent a couple of minutes to get those stuff and it was a little bit too early to go home. Then I tried to play the game that my classmates always mentioned. It was also my first try. The game was amazing and intersting for me.I was addicted completed to the game so that I forgot the time. When I got home,I was scolded by my mother and I've never gone to the Internet Cafe since then :
夠嗎?
⑤ 12篇英語作文 摘抄
My School Day I get up at six o'clock. I read English for half an hour . At seven ten I have breakfast . After that I go to school on foot . We have four lessons in the moring . After the four classes,I have lunch . In the afternoon, we often have three lesses and we usually have sports from four thirty to five thirty . After supper , I do my homework . At half past nine, I go to bed. Their School Their school is big and beautiful . There are five teaching buildings in the school . In front of the teaching buildings , there are a lots of trees and flowers . On the second floor there is a big reading room, two computer rooms and three science labs . Many students read books in reading room . They learn a lot from those books . They like their school very much. I like live in the city Some people like living in the cities. Some people enjoy living in the countryside . I like living in the cities . There are different kinds of shops in the cities . You can buy many things . When you go out , you can tack a bus ,a subway or a taxi. The school in the cities are better than those in the countryside. I like living in the cities . My school life My name is Tina. I'm in Class 3, Grade 7. My school life is very interesting. Classes begin at 8:10 am. I have four classes in the moring and two classes in the afternoon . We study many subjects . They are Chinese, English , math ,art and some other subjects. I like English best ,because it is very easy ang interesting. I often speack English with my classmates after class. After school, I play with my friends. My teachers and classmates are all very friendly to us. I like my school life very much. Lucy ' Birthday Lucy is my best friend . Her birthday is July 2nd . It is next Friday . Her parents plan to have a birthday party for her at home. I will go to her birthday party. I know she likes flowers, so I want to buy some beautiful flowers for her . And I also want to sing a song at the party. Lucy and Lily are Twins Lucy and Lily are twins. They are eleven years old now. When Lucy was five, she could ride a bike. But Lily could't . Lily could swim, read story books. Now then can dance to disco and perfrom bellet. They are good twin sisters. Jiangmen's weather In Jiangmen, The weather is warm in spring, but it blows a lot. It is very hot in summer especially in July and August. There is much rain. It is warm in the day and cool at night in fall . Winter is a very cold season. You must wear warm clothes when you go out. Go to vist the Great Wall My parents and I visied the Great Wall. We took some food and drinks with us and went there bu bus. Walking along the Great Wall, I thought of Chinese long history and culture. Father told me something about the Great Wall. We took many photos there. There I also saw many foreigners. We really had a wonderful time that day. Mid-autumn Festival Mid-autumn Festival usually comes in September or Ocotober. On that day everyone comes back home with mooncakes. We all like this festival. In the evening,we have supper. After that, we taste mooncakesand enjoy the bright full moon. We always have a good time on that day. My favorite season There are four seasons in a year. I like spring best. There are three months in spring. The weather is warm. It is a good season for flying kites. ITis good for us. Do you like spring? Ask the Way I'm going out for a walk wiht my mother. On the road, we meet a foreigner. He asks me the way to the Hot Spring Hotel. I tell him that he can walk along the road and turn left at the third crossing, and then he will see the hotel. He thanks me very much for my help. I'm happy to help him. The Browns The Browns are at home. Mrs.Brown is making cakes. Mr.Brown is sitting in a chair and reading a book . Jim and his friend,Mike,are in the garden. They are playing soccer. Sue and her friend, Ann, are in Sue's bedroom. They are watching TV. All of them are very happy.