西方飲食文化英語作文

1. 英國飲食文化英文介紹

In 1066, William, ke of Normandy of France, succeeded to the English throne.

（公元1066年，法國的諾曼底公爵威廉繼承了英國王位。）

Brought the brilliant French and Italian food culture, laying the foundation for the traditional English cuisine.

（帶來了燦爛的法國和義大利的飲食文化，為傳統的英國菜打下基礎。）

However, limited by geographical and natural conditions, Britain's agriculture is not very developed, food imports every year.

（但是受地理及自然條件所限，英國的農業不是很發達，糧食每年都要進口。）

And British people are not as gastronomic as the French, so British food is relatively simple.

（而且英國人也不像法國人那樣崇尚美食，因此英國菜相對來說比較簡單。）

The British also mock themselves for not being good at cooking.

（英國人也常自嘲自己不精於烹調。）

But the English breakfast is more rich, English afternoon tea is particularly rich and delicate.

（但英式早餐卻比較豐富，英式下午茶也是格外的豐盛和精緻。）

In Britain, the Christmas meal is very important. It often lasts for eight to nine hours, and the trumpets are blown for each course.

（英國對聖誕餐非常重視，常常要延續8~9個小時，每上一道菜都要吹號。）

At the earliest time, the English were very particular about eating roast peacocks, and later they changed to roast geese.

（最早的時候英國人很講究吃烤孔雀，後來改吃烤鵝。）

It wasn't eaten until after the 16th century, and it continues to this day.

（一直到16世紀後才吃烤火雞的，然後一直延續至今。）

British food is relatively simple, but the British food breakfast is very big, known as the "big breakfast".

（英式菜相對來說比較簡單，但英式菜早餐卻很豐盛，素有「big breakfast」即豐盛早餐的美稱。）

(1)西方飲食文化英語作文擴展閱讀

英式早餐非常豐盛，一般有各種蛋品、麥片粥、鹹肉、火腿、香腸、黃油、果醬、麵包、牛奶、果汁、咖啡等。受到西方各國的普遍歡迎。

英式早餐首先用橙汁加上玉米片，澆上牛奶和砂糖飲用。然後是主菜，一般是鹹肉、香腸和煎雞蛋配以煎蘑菇或西紅柿（煎西紅柿相當好吃）。當然還有烤麵包。最後是咖啡或紅茶，也有英國傳統的奶茶。這便是英式早餐了。

英式菜代表菜餚：煎雞蛋、土豆燴羊肉、烤鵝填栗子餡、牛尾濃湯等。

2. 求一篇關於中國和西方國家飲食習慣差異的英語作文。80字左右。加中文意識。

The Kingdom of Thailand lies in the heart of Southeast Asia, making it a natural gateway to Indochina, Myanmar and Southern China. 。 Its shape and geography divide into four natural regions : the mountains and forests of the North; the vast rice fields of the Central Plains; the semi-arid farm lands of the Northeast plateau; and the tropical islands and long coastline of the peninsula South.

The country has seventy-six provinces that are further divided into districts, sub-districts and villages. Bangkok is the capital city and centre of political, commercial, instrial and cultural activities. It is also the seat of Thailand's revered Royal Family, with His Majesty the King recognized as Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, Upholder of the Buddhist religion and Upholder of all religions.

用google搜索 travel in The Kingdom of Thailand 看一下就行。都是關於泰國的介紹，自己寫作文的話就改一下吧。畢竟作文和資料不太一樣。看不懂可以直接看譯文。
望採納。

3. 關於西方飲食文化英文介紹，要有標題（全英文）

When most people think of English food, the word they use to describe it is generally not flattering. Most people would be surprised to know, however, the English food is changing for the better. And the cuisine is more than just fish and chips. Many other cultures and cuisines are influencing British cuisine for the better, and even classic English dishes like Shepherd』 Pie and Bubble and Squeak are getting makeovers.

The most popular dish in England today is Chicken Tikka Masala. And while that sounds like an authentic Indian dish, it was actually invented in England using Indian food as inspiration. In fact, this dish is now considered to be more quintessentially Indian than Tandoori Chicken, and its popularity has far surpassed England』s borders. On a trip to London last summer, I noticed that the menu at Garfunkel』s offered not only this dish, but fish and chips as well as pasta and American hamburgers.

Of course, England, like everyone else in the world, has experienced the American fast food invasion. But fast food or 「take-away」 can also be Chinese, Indian, pizza, and Turkish. Additionally, you can also get fast food at a 「chippy」 (fish and chips shop) and pick up such portable English foods as pasties and pies (of the steak and kidney variety). Some take-away places can have a variety of cuisines in one place. In Bath, for example, I noticed a fish and chip shop that also had Chinese take-away.

The stereotype that English food is merely bland roasted meats and vegetables is starting to fade away with the popularity of such British celebrity chefs as Jamie Oliver, Nigella Lawson, and Gordon Ramsay. They are well-known names abroad, and are starting to give English food a better reputation. They ecate people on cooking foods with very fresh, high quality regional ingredients. These chefs also like to make traditional English foods with a twist by adding herbs and spices not found in Britain.

Modern England also has a high concentration of vegetarians. Grocery stores and restaurants accommodate vegetarians very well, so if you』re a vegetarian tourist traveling through England, you can eat almost anywhere without worry.

If you』re still leery of eating English food, give a traditional English breakfast a try. Many hotels serve it, and any restaurant that serves breakfast will generally offer it. While it』s no longer a staple in English households, it is still popular with tourists. The breakfast usually consists of fried bacon and eggs, toast, sausages, fried or grilled tomatoes, fried mushrooms, baked beans, and possibly black pudding (sausage made from blood). While I』ve never been brave enough to attempt black pudding, I generally find the other elements of an English breakfast to be excellent and filling. Also worth trying: Sticky Toffee Pudding, Cornish pasties, Shepherd』s/Cottage Pie, and Bangers and mash (sausages with mashed potatoes). And of course, try the Chicken Tikka Masala.

4. 西方飲食文化 要英文的介紹 不要太長

Korea(韓國):

Main Korea Republic food and drink characteristic: High protein , much vegetable , happy event delicate , abstain from greasy food, sense of taste is burned with the cold give first place to. Korean regards rice as staple food down the ages. Cooked food gives first place to stewing to cook and to roast system , is not used for a hot dish mainly. Korean likes to eat noodles , beef , chicken and dog's meat , does not like to eat steamed bread , mutton and ck meat.

韓國飲食的主要特點：高蛋白、多蔬菜、喜清淡、忌油膩，味覺以涼辣為主。韓國人自古以來把米飯當做主食。菜餚以燉煮和烤制為主，基本上不做炒菜。韓國人喜歡吃面條、牛肉、雞肉和狗肉，不喜歡吃饅頭、羊肉和鴨肉。

Japan(日本)

Cooking culture introces Japan

Mention food and drink , be that food , vegetable , fish and flesh are that Japanesque non-staple food meal burns, and the Western Europe Chinese meal popularizes also very much like not only give first place to rice, before Japan can sample to rich various meal food. Japan is a very rich countries of high grade water resource , hygiene facilities improves and perfects also very much , drinks therefore running water is in any Japanese place being able to. Modern Japan culture is furthermore colorful. Girls are in the culture studying time-honoured Japan tradition, if sado , the ikebana simultaneous, also jump disco. The scene bordering but building the browse downtown area , antiquited temple and tower is not strange. Therefore modern Japan culture is antiquited have been tied in wedlock.

日本飲食文化介紹
說到飲食，不僅是以大米為主食、蔬菜、魚與肉為副食的日本式餐點，而且西歐中國餐點一般也很普及，在日本可以品嘗到豐富多樣的餐食。日本是一個優質水資源非常豐富的國家，衛生設施也很完善，所以自來水在日本的任何地方都可以飲用。現代的日本文化更是多彩多姿。女孩子們在學習自古以來的日本傳統文化，如茶道、花道的同時，也跳迪斯科。觀覽市區、古老寺院和高層建築相鄰而建的情景並不稀奇。故而現代的日本文化是結合了古老的、新興的、西洋的和東洋的文化而形成。

That Japanese loves the birthday department who raw fish is used for food , is covering up with sashimi as a result commonly is the most popular Japan in the homeland food. The Japanese cuisine is particular about the plain taste keeping food very much , does not encourage have added a condiment, use delicate give first place to. The color to cooked food has the very good request especially face to face, not only using all kinds of form , arrangement , colour collocation that the very delicate vessel does load food, to food to have very exquisite thinking also. Be taking a look on that is so meticulous that the day style being just like landscape painting-like takes care of , sometimes cannot bear to destroy that share for the first time to Japanese visitor beautiful.

日本人普遍愛食用生魚，因而蓋著生魚片的壽司是日本國內最流行的食物。
日本料理非常講究保持食物的原味，不提倡加入過多調料，以清淡為主。對菜餚的色面尤其有著很高的要求，不但使用各式各樣非常精緻的盛器來裝食物，對食物的形狀、排列、顏色搭配也都有很細膩的考慮。看著那一道道精細得有如風景畫一般的日式料理，初到日本的遊客往往不忍破壞那份美麗。

5. 關於中西飲食文化的文章（用英文表達）

The main difference between Chinese and Western eating habits is that unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests (e.g. four people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impossible to finish.

A typical meal starts with some cold dishes, like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple" food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes mplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on.

Everything is relative, cultural difference being no exception. Culture, as the total pattern of human behavior and its procts, oversteps geographical limits and historical conditions in many ways, and it is characterized by its strong penetrativeness and fusibility.

It is no surprise to see phenomena characteristic of one culture existing in another. As a result, some people even fear that the world will become a ll place when all the different nationalities behave exactly alike.
Nevertheless, the 「cultural sediment」 formed through long-range accumulation is not to be easily removed, and the cultural tradition handed down from generation to generation shows great consistency and continuity. The cultures of different regions and nations still have their own distinctive peculiarities, and therefore significance still needs to be attached to the study of the indivialities of different cultures against the background of their universality.
之間的主要區別中國和西方的飲食習慣不同的是，西方國家，每個人都有自己的板的食品，在中國菜放在桌子上，每個人都股份。如果您正在接受治療的中國主機，准備一噸糧食。中國感到非常自豪自己的文化的食品和將盡力給你一個口味許多不同類型的菜餚。朋友之間，他們將公正的秩序不夠那裡的人民。如果有人正在為晚餐和關系是禮貌半禮貌，那麼他們通常會以一個更多的菜比賓客人數（如4人死亡， 5菜） 。如果它是一個商業晚宴或一個非常正式的場合，有可能是大量的食物，將不可能完成。

一個典型的吃飯開始，一些冷凍的食物，如煮花生，黃瓜搗破大蒜。這些都是其次是主要課程，熱點肉類和蔬菜的菜餚。最後湯帶出，之後是澱粉「主食」的食物，通常是大米或面條或有時餃子。許多中國吃大米（或面條或任何）去年，但是如果你想你的大米連同其他菜，你應該說，這么早的。

一切都是相對的，文化的差異也不例外。文化，總格局人類行為及其產品，超越地理界限和歷史條件在許多方面，它的特點是其強大的penetrativeness和熔化。

這是毫不奇怪地看到現象的特點一個文化存在的另一個。因此，一些人甚至擔心，世界將成為一個沉悶的地方時，所有不同國籍的表現完全一樣。
然而， 「文化沉澱」形成長期的積累是不容易被搬走，並移交文化傳統代代相傳顯示偉大的一貫性和連續性。文化的不同地區和國家仍然有自己獨特的特點，因此，意義仍然需要重視的研究個性不同的文化背景下其普遍性。

6. 英國飲食文化英語作文600字

英文:

English style of eating habits is also easy, pay attention to nutrition. Breakfast is usually porridge milk or a cup of red juice, coated with butter toast, fried bacon or sausage, eggs. At noon, the children eat lunch at school, alts at lunch on the job on the vicinity to buy a sandwich, a cup of coffee on, just kill. Only to the weekend, the British people will be rich on a table. Usually the main course is meat, such as grilled chicken, roast beef, fish and so on. A wide variety of vegetables, like cabbage, fresh peas, potatoes, carrots and so on. Vegetables in general are no longer processed, mounted on a tray, poured from the supermarket to buy ready-made sauce will be consumed. After the main course there will always be together digestible of sweets, such as cooking fruit, fruit pudding, cheese, ice cream and so on.

Fried fish and fries (Fish and chips)
This is the traditional British fast food nation (fast
food). It is in the 19th century 60's pop up. At that time, the railway put start fresh fish one night directly (direct) transported from the east coast to London. English at the fish paste on top ofgood deep-fried in oil, and fried potatoes be eaten together. People put a mixture of salt and vinegar sauce and pour it into the article on fish and potatoes, with a newspaper bag, and then eat from the paper in hand. Today, people often use a clean paper packaging, and to provide a fork (fork).

Cha (Tea)
British National enjoy a cup of tea. At the traditional British (tradition) on people with porcelain tea cup, one person a cup, a spoonful of tea. The majority of British people like to drink strong tea, but I want to add much milk. Many years ago, people used to put milk into the cup, then add the tea, and finally add water.

Coffee (Coffee)
Now in the United Kingdom, as popularity of coffee and tea. People either do not add milk or add milk, or drink coffee or preparing a new instant coffee.
Wine (Wine)
English wine instry is very strong. More and more of the many vineyards are procing wine and red wine (red
wine). English pubs everywhere, has several flavors, each with 10,000 large and small pubs, which have many hundreds of years of history, this old pub is usually haunted legends, it is interesting that not only did not care about the owner, but also his house ghost Li Chuan-story as the general put on a table in each. Something fishy about the pub business better and sell more expensive.
Eating habits with knife and fork pyronaridine ~

British people generally preferred way of cooking there is: cooked in soy and vinegar, barbecue, fried and fried. Of meat, seafood, game cooking methods are unique; However, the categories of the beef they have special preferences, such as barbecue beef (ROASTED BEEF), is attached not only in the consumption of seasonal vegetables, baked potato, but also will add some steak on the mustard sauce; at the use of seasoning on the butter and liquor preferences; at spice up the taste of meat Kou, cinnamon and other spices fresh.
The more well-known British cuisine has: beef kidney allocation (STEAK KIDNEY PIE), fish Pai (ENGLISH FISH CHIP), the Royal butter chicken (CHICKEN A LA KING) and so on. British people enjoy hunting, only once a year at the hunting period, there is much of the hotel or restaurant will be introced to game meal, such as deer (VENISON), rabbits (HARE), pheasant (PHEASANT),, such as cooking. General cooking game when using some gin or berries and wine, this approach is in order to remove the smell of mutton flavor of the food itself.
Breakfast is very important to the British people, British restaurants in the supply of a wide range of meals, have fruit juice, fruit, eggs, meat, wheat porridge category, bread, jam and coffee. Nowadays the popular afternoon tea (HIGH TEA) is the mass from the United Kingdom, and its more famous there is Victoria-style VICTORIAN STYLE), the contents can be said to be all-inclusive, including all kinds of small points, muffin, fruit tarts (TARTE ) and sandwiches. Supper on the daily lives of English is also one of the most important part of the meal of their choice is usually late, and are eating betterto promote friendship between meals can imagine they belong to are very autonomous nation, and a supper for them could take hours.
The United Kingdom at the local, there will be lot of people who love to drink, mainly because it itself is also a wine procing country. English at the cost of alcohol consumption on the expenditure than the other also to the many.
Nobu Restaurant
This is a world-renowned Japanese-style sushi restaurant, perfect interpretation of the cultural diversity of London. Enjoy the best way is to let the staff recommend, another is called a reversal of the world's black cod, point of confusing the champagne glass. Of course, the best have someone else foot the bill! Remember the location you want in advance, otherwise.
St. John's Restaurant
Very authentic British restaurant, under the name of the solemn nostalgia,thick sauce, verytraditional British dishes. Pig here are LOGO, shows a simple kick! Have to roast whole pigs, Yorktraditional rural English dishes. Confections are a weight of more down 2,3個. Good to eat! Ensure that you spot, the United Kingdom must go FREE to try!
Hakkasan Restaurant
An average consumption of 60 pounds in London's top restaurants. Is not a false faceskill, newspapers comment on is "the history of the sexiest Chinese restaurant", are impartial appraisal. Hot and sour soup, pipa ck, pork Doo British sparkling wine, Greece white Portuguese. It seems that Chinese and Western, at tip of tongue on an.

中文:

英國人的飲食習慣亦式樣簡單，注重營養。早餐通常是麥片粥沖牛奶或一杯果汁，塗上黃油的烤麵包片，熏鹹肉或煎香腸、雞蛋。中午，孩子們在學校吃午餐，大人的午餐就在工作地點附近買上一份三明治，就一杯咖啡，打發了事。只有到周末，英國人的飯桌上才會豐盛一番。通常主菜是肉類，如烤雞肉、烤牛肉、烤魚等。蔬菜品種繁多，像捲心菜、新鮮豌豆、土豆、胡蘿卜等。蔬菜一般都不再加工，裝在盤里，澆上從超市買回的現成調料便食用。主菜之後總有一道易消化的甜食，如燒煮水果、果料布丁、乳酪、冰激凌等。

魚和油炸土豆條（Fish and chips）
這是英國民族傳統的快餐食品（fast
food）。它是在19世紀60年代流行起來的。那時，鐵路開始把新鮮的魚一夜間直接（direct）從東海岸運到倫敦。英國人在魚上面裹上糊放在油里炸好，和炸土豆條一起吃。人們把鹽和醋的混合調料倒在炸魚和土豆條上，用報紙包上，然後從紙包里拿著吃。如今，人們經常用清潔的紙包裝，並提供一個餐叉（fork）。

茶（Tea）
英國民族喜歡喝茶。在英國傳統（tradition）上人們用瓷茶杯泡茶，一人一個茶杯，一匙茶。大多數英國人喜歡喝濃茶，但是要加許多牛奶。多年前，人們習慣先把牛奶倒入茶杯，然後再放茶，最後加水。

咖啡（Coffee）
現在在英國，咖啡和茶一樣受歡迎。人們或是加牛奶或是不加牛奶，或是喝新泡製的咖啡或速溶咖啡。
酒（Wine）
英國的酒業很強盛。越來越多的葡萄園正在生產白酒和紅酒（red
wine）。英國的酒館無所不在，有好幾萬家大大小小各具風味的酒館，其中還有不乏數百年歷史的，這樣的老酒館通常傳說鬧鬼，有趣的是，主人不但不避諱，還把他家的鬼故事像立傳一般擺在每一張桌子上。有鬼的酒館生意更好，而且賣得更貴。
飲食習慣用刀叉咯~

英國人一般較喜愛的烹飪方式有：燴、燒烤、煎和油炸。對肉類、海鮮、野味的烹調均有獨到的方式；然而，他們對牛肉類方面又有特別的偏好，如燒烤牛肉（ROASTED BEEF），在食用時不僅附上時令的蔬菜、烤洋芋，還會在牛排上加上少許的芥茉醬；在佐料的使用上則喜好奶油及酒類；在香料上則喜好肉寇、肉桂等新鮮香料。
較為人知的英國料理菜名有：牛肉腰子派（STEAK KIDNEY PIE）、炸魚排（ENGLISH FISH CHIP）、皇家奶油雞（CHICKEN A LA KING）等。英國人喜歡狩獵，在一年只有一次的狩獵期中，就有許多的飯店或餐廳會推出野味大餐，如野鹿（VENISON）、野兔（HARE）、雉雞（PHEASANT）、野山羊（WILDSHEEP）等的烹調。而一般烹調野味時，均採用些杜松子或漿果及酒，此做法是為了去除食物本身的膻腥味。
英國人對早餐非常講究，英國餐館中所供應的餐點種類繁多，有果汁、水果、蛋類、肉類、麥粥類、麵包、果醬及咖啡等。 時下所流行的下午茶（HIGH TEA）也是傳來自於英國，其較知名的有維多莉亞式VICTORIAN STYLE），內容可說是包羅萬象，包括各式小點、松糕、水果撻（TARTE）及三明治等。 晚餐對英國人來說也是日常生活中最重要的一部份，他們選擇的用餐時間通常較晚，而且都是邊吃邊喝邊聊，以促進用餐人之間的情誼，可想見他們是屬於極有自主性的民族，而一頓晚餐對他們來說可能要花上好幾個鍾頭。
在英國當地，會有許多愛好喝的人士，主要是因為它本身也是個產酒國家。英國人在飲酒上的花費比起其它的支出還來的多。
Nobu餐廳
這是一家享譽全球的日式壽司餐廳，完美詮釋了倫敦的多元文化。最好的享受方式就是讓店員推薦，再多叫一份顛倒世界的黑鱈魚，點一杯暈頭轉向的香檳。當然，最好還有別人買單！事前要記得定位啦，不然免談。
聖約翰餐廳
很正宗的英國餐廳，頂著懷舊庄嚴的名字，汁濃醬稠、入味十分的傳統英式菜。豬是這里的LOGO，透著一股純朴勁兒!有轉烤全豬、約克夏布丁等傳統的英國鄉村菜。甜點的分量更是一份打倒2、3個。 很好吃的！保證讓你過癮，有空去英國一定要嘗一嘗！
Hakkasan餐廳
一家平均消費60英鎊的倫敦頂級中餐廳。絕不是死撐面子的假把式，報紙上的評論是「史上最性感的中餐廳」,是中肯的評價。酸辣湯、琵琶鴨、五花肉斗英國氣泡酒、希臘白葡。似乎中西合璧，在舌尖上共譜一曲。

7. 西方飲食文化(英文版)

When most people think of English food, the word they use to describe it is generally not flattering. Most people would be surprised to know, however, the English food is changing for the better. And the cuisine is more than just fish and chips. Many other cultures and cuisines are influencing British cuisine for the better, and even classic English dishes like Shepherd』 Pie and Bubble and Squeak are getting makeovers.
The most popular dish in England today is Chicken Tikka Masala. And while that sounds like an authentic Indian dish, it was actually invented in England using Indian food as inspiration. In fact, this dish is now considered to be more quintessentially Indian than Tandoori Chicken, and its popularity has far surpassed England』s borders. On a trip to London last summer, I noticed that the menu at Garfunkel』s offered not only this dish, but fish and chips as well as pasta and American hamburgers.
Of course, England, like everyone else in the world, has experienced the American fast food invasion. But fast food or 「take-away」 can also be Chinese, Indian, pizza, and Turkish. Additionally, you can also get fast food at a 「chippy」 (fish and chips shop) and pick up such portable English foods as pasties and pies (of the steak and kidney variety). Some take-away places can have a variety of cuisines in one place. In Bath, for example, I noticed a fish and chip shop that also had Chinese take-away.

8. 求有關中西方飲食文化差異的英文論文

only found one. hope that works~

American table manners

[edit] Table Layout

* Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right.
* Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.

[edit] General Behavior

* Chew with your mouth closed.
* Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.
* Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table.
* Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time.
* Do not make unbecoming noises while eating.
* Do not play with food or table utensils.
* Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners.
* Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch.
* Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table.
* Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating.
* Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.

[edit] Utensils

* Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc.
* The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette)
* The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth.
* The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward.
* When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl.
* Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap
* When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by alts. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands.
* When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show.
* Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)

[edit] Dining

* A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1].
* Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon.
* When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you.
* When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right.
* Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon.
* Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either.
* Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.

[edit] At the end of the meal

* It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate.
* When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done.
* Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.

[edit] British table manners

* The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right.
* You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards.
* If you』re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right.
* When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself.
* It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers.
* If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served.
* Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left.
* When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it.
* You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served.
* When you』re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o』clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished.
* Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely.
* Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess.
* It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside.
* Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return.
* If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o』clock and your knife at four o』clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again.
* The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate.
* Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left.
* Drinks should be served from the right.
* Never lean across somebody else』s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can.
* Salt & pepper should be passed together.
* Do not take food from a neighbour』s plate and don』t ask to do so.
* You must not put your elbows on the table.
* If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself.
* If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself.
* When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it.
* Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink.
* Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too.
* Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails.
* Try to eat all the food you are served.
* Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem.
* Always remember 「regular」 manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".

[edit] Chinese table manners

These are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so.

* Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand,
* Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user.
* When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food.
* It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead.
* Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates.
* Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish.
* When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists.
* Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table.
* Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table.
* Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl.
* It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (e.g. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors).
* Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect.
* The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation.
* When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect.
* When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.

9. 西方文化鑄就了西方飲食文化 譯成英文

中華飲食源遠流長，經過長時間多民族的融合，已經發展成一個龐大的譜系。
中國以農耕民族為主，推崇熟食，所以煎炒烹炸花樣翻新，歐洲國家游牧民族為主，飲食簡潔，使用香料遮蓋食物的味道。
當然這也是泛泛而談，中國的各大菜系也相去甚遠，西方國家弄出幾十種風格也很正常。總的來說，高緯度地區口味濃，低緯度地區口味淡。
中西方飲食文化差異

餐飲產品由於地域特徵、氣侯環境、風俗習慣等因素的影響，會出現在原料、口味、烹調方法、飲食習慣上的不同程度的差異。正是因為這些差異，餐飲產品具有了強烈的地域性。中西文化之間的差異造就了中西飲食文化的差異，而這種差異來自中西方不同的思維方式和處世哲學。中國人注重「天人合一」，西方人注重「以人為本」。

這里簡要從下面三個方面談談中西方飲食文化的差異。

一、兩種不同的飲食觀念

對比注重「味」的中國飲食，西方是一種理性飲食觀念。不論食物的色、香、味、形如何，而營養一定要得到保證，講究一天要攝取多少熱量、維生素、蛋白質等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去——因為有營養。這一飲食觀念同西方整個哲學體系是相適應的。形而上學是西方哲學的主要特點。西方哲學所研究的對象為事物之理，事物之理常為形上學理，形上學理互相連貫，便結成形上哲學。這一哲學給西方文化帶來生機，使之在自然科學上、心理學上、方法論上實現了突飛猛進的發展。但在另一些方面，這種哲學主張大大地起了阻礙作用，如飲食文化。在宴席上，可以講究餐具，講究用料，講究服務，講究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎麼豪華高檔，從洛杉磯到紐約，牛排都只有一種味道，無藝術可言。作為菜餚，雞就是雞，牛排就是牛排，縱然有搭配，那也是在盤中進行的，一盤「法式羊排」，一邊放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一邊配煮青豆，加幾片番茄便成。色彩上對比鮮明，但在滋味上各種原料互不相干、調和，各是各的味，簡單明了。

中國人是很重視「吃」的，「民以食為天」這句諺語就說明我們把吃看得與天一樣重要。由於我們這個民族幾千年來都處於低下的生產力水平，人們總是吃不飽，所以才會有一種獨特的把吃看得重於一切的飲食文化，我想，這大概是出於一種生存需要吧。如果一種文化把吃看成首要的事，那麼就會出現兩種現象：一方面會把這種吃的功能發揮到極致，不僅維持生存，也利用它維持健康，這也就是」葯補不如食補」的文化基礎；另一方面，對吃的過份重視，會使人推崇對美味的追求。

在中國的烹調術中，對美味追求幾乎達到極致，以至中國人到海外謀生，都以開餐館為業，成了我們在全世界安身立命的根本！遺憾的是，當我們把追求美味作為第一要求時，我們卻忽略了食物最根本的營養價值，我們的很多傳統食品都要經過熱油炸和長時間的文火飩煮，使菜餚的營養成分受到破壞，許多營養成分都損失在加工過程中了。因而一說到營養問題，實際上就觸及到了中國飲食文化的最大弱點。民間有句俗話：「民以食為天，食以味為先」。就是這種對美味的追求，倒使我們忽略了吃飯的真正意義。

中國人在品嘗菜餚時，往往會說這盤菜「好吃」，那道菜「不好吃」；然而若要進一步問一下什麼叫「好吃」，為什麼「好吃」，「好吃」在哪裡，恐怕就不容易說清楚了。這說明，中國人對飲食追求的是一種難以言傳的「意境」，即使用人們通常所說的「色、香、味、形、器」來把這種「境界」具體化，恐怕仍然是很難涵蓋得了的。

中國飲食之所以有其獨特的魅力，關鍵就在於它的味。而美味的產生，在於調和，要使食物的本味，加熱以後的熟味，加上配料和輔料的味以及調料的調和之味，交織融合協調在一起，使之互相補充，互助滲透，水乳交融，你中有我，我中有你。中國烹飪講究的調和之美，是中國烹飪藝術的精要之處。菜點的形和色是外在的東西，而味卻是內在的東西，重內在而不刻意修飾外表，重菜餚的味而不過分展露菜餚的形和色，這正是中國美性飲食觀的最重要的表現。

在中國，飲食的美性追求顯然壓倒了理性，這種飲食觀與中國傳統的哲學思想也是吻合的。作為東方哲學代表的中國哲學，其顯著特點是宏觀、直觀、模糊及不可捉摸。中國菜的製作方法是調和鼎鼐，最終是要調和出一種美好的滋味。這一講究的就是分寸，就是整體的配合。它包含了中國哲學豐富的辯證法思想，一切以菜的味的美好、諧調為度，度以內的千變萬化就決定了中國菜的豐富和富於變化，決定了中國菜菜系的特點乃至每位廚師的特點。

二、中西飲食對象的差異

西方人認為菜餚是充飢的，所以專吃大塊肉、整塊雞等「硬菜」。而中國的菜餚是「吃味」的，所以中國烹調在用料上也顯出極大的隨意性：許多西方人視為棄物的東西，在中國都是極好的原料，外國廚師無法處理的東西，一到中國廚師手裡，就可以化腐朽為神奇。足見中國飲食在用料方面的隨意性之廣博。

據西方的植物學者的調查，中國人吃的菜蔬有600多種，比西方多六倍。實際上，在中國人的菜餚里，素菜是平常食品，葷菜只有在節假日或生活水平較高時，才進入平常的飲食結構，所以自古便有「菜食」之說，菜食在平常的飲食結構中佔主導地位。中國人的以植物為主菜，與佛教徒的鼓吹有著千縷萬絲的聯系。他們視動物為「生靈」，而植物則「無靈」，所以，主張素食主義。

西方人在介紹自己國家的飲食特點時，覺得比中國更重視營養的合理搭配，有較為發達的食品工業，如罐頭、快餐等，雖口味千篇一律，但節省時間，且營養良好，故他們國家的人身體普遍比中國人健壯：高個、長腿、寬大的肩、發達的肌肉；而中國人則顯得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黃質弱。有人根據中西方飲食對象的明顯差異這一特點，把中國人稱為植物性格，西方人稱為動物性格。

三、飲食方式的不同

中西方的飲食方式有很大不同，這種差異對民族性格也有影響。在中國，任何一個宴席，不管是什麼目的，都只會有一種形式，就是大家團團圍坐，共享一席。筵席要用圓桌，這就從形式上造成了一種團結、禮貌、共趣的氣氛。美味佳餚放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣賞、品嘗的對象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人們相互敬酒、相互讓菜、勸菜，在美好的事物面前，體現了人們之間相互尊重、禮讓的美德。雖然從衛生的角度看，這種飲食方式有明顯的不足之處，但它符合我們民族「大團圓」的普遍心態，反映了中國古典哲學中「和」這個范疇對後代思想的影響，便於集體的情感交流，因而至今難以改革。

西式飲宴上，食品和酒盡管非常重要，但實際上那是作為陪襯。宴會的核心在於交誼，通過與鄰座客人之間的交談，達到交誼的目的。如果將宴會的交誼性與舞蹈相類比，那麼可以說，中式宴席好比是集體舞，而西式宴會好比是男女的交誼舞。由此可見，中式宴會和西式宴會交誼的目的都很明顯，只不過中式宴會更多地體現在全席的交誼，而西式宴會多體現於相鄰賓客之間的交誼。與中國飲食方式的差異更為明顯的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：將所有食物一一陳列出來，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走動自由，這種方式便於個人之間的情感交流，不必將所有的話擺在桌面上，也表現了西方人對個性、對自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相擾，缺少了一些中國人聊歡共樂的情調。

所以，歸根結底還是感性與理性之間的差異。但是，這種差異似乎在隨著科學的發展而變的模糊。越來越多的中國人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味，而更注重它的衛生與營養了。尤其是在經歷了非典以後。還有，人們因為越來越繁忙的工作，覺得中餐做起來太麻煩，不如來個漢堡方便等。這樣一來在飲食上差異也就不太分明了。

10. 如何看待西方飲食文化影響國內傳統飲食文化 英語作文

Korean traditional etiquette when meeting a bow. Mutual exchange information card, look carefully and then close up. When having a meal can not sound, are not allowed to carry the bowl to eat, should put the bowl on the left, on the right side of the bowl of soup. If a friend invites you to his home, not to wear shoes in their home, so don't wear socks to visit relatives and friends will be considered impolite. If you are invited to dinner, with a small gift would bebetter. Also, don't speak loudly in the subway.