A. 人力資源管理的英文是怎麼寫的
Human Resources Management
H.R.M.或H.R.
B. 人力資源管理英文文章
人力資源管理 human resource management
http://www.managementhelp.org/hr_mgmnt/hr_mgmnt.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resource_management
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%9B%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=FciK6xtWfy0C&pg=PT166&lpg=PT166&dq=Private+Enterprise+human+resource+management&source=web&ots=OFncstpski&sig=6f_0AsxbQZFRexeS08L8UAT_Zf8&hl=en
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_resource_management_topics
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=9fWF_ndSCcAC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=4xwIYBuMf9&sig=6qfNhxSFoKD-_s0NWnwVdVS-vHk
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=EZ1CLRm3FnQC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=e9ZXXrcD0q&sig=i_JxI28y7ZXehl-dqvoX-KtdldI
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=1m0i_YKPDNwC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=yu6BZIhFj_&sig=WU6l52bZ0JH2JZPN4Qy038OtuKA
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=Gu1YWQGHgLcC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=H7SbJNAizE&sig=Y3GssDjBHljJr3aRrmVgCaA9gTY
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=bnAiaXdzbRwC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=NbX4F8U9oG&sig=umxDaoU05w_dZkxyT_usnZH5lR0
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=Vs98_GTpU5EC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=571NexI6ER&sig=i8A4B8m2nb1LkNv8UrzVcgm2XI8
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=aQpPzvu4eC0C&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=9c4a-JsUBC&sig=N8_-lXARbKr61H9yKwrhNcPQF8Y
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=2BWLZTWoAeUC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=msCayB2Gwr&sig=2WxIZuqhy3ZvWW7rPYsqCwkOwcY
C. 人力資源管理英文文獻求翻譯
就像我已經指出:(普爾,1990),人力資源管理的理論基礎,包含有多學科與跨學科的元素。人力資源管理是一個中央的方面相關的組織。畢竟,公司和國家競爭力的人們越來越認識到出於想口徑他們的人民。公司擁有明顯的優勢的充分發展,勞動力,和獎勵有高度進取心,創造力和創新是達成了廣泛的共識。但是因為「人力資源」是如此成功的核心企業,需要制定策略的方式,其中的人力資產公司為主要特色。這在理論上是間接的,因為:(1)不一定非得是一個最好的人力資源實踐或套實踐(更確切地說,這些都是與獨特的組織策略、結構、及過程)和(2)人力資源問題的領域里所有的管理人員(特別是線上並綜合治理等)而不保存受過專業訓練的人員的專家。
人力資源管理包括「所有管理決策和行為,影響之間的關系的性質的組織和員工——其人力資源」(啤酒、蘇達權等,1984年,p。1)。和它包含的「發展各個方面的一種組織的語境」,這樣他們將鼓勵,甚至直接管理行為對於人們(啤酒、蘇達權等,1984年,p。4)。人力資源管理是組織在它的指南針,它牽涉到所有管理人員,它把人看作是最重要的單項資產的組織、尋求提升公司業績,員工的需求和社會福利。它包括一個寬廣范圍的注意力,帶著它的理想人類滿足感增加的總和在多種層次。此外,其他比地聯系在一起的戰略管理角度看,就從學科綜合要素,從國際商務、組織行為、人事的人
D. 人力資源管理定義與發展史（英文）
Human Resource Management (HRM, HR) is the management of an organization's employees.While human resource management is sometimes referred to as a "soft" management skill, effective practice within an organization requires a strategic focus to ensure that people resources can facilitate the achievement of organizational goals. Effective human resource management also contains an element of risk management for an organization which, as a minimum, ensures legislative compliance.
Fundamentally, human resource management is based on the assumption that employees are indivials with varying goals and needs. Human resources should not be categorized with basic business resources (trucks, filing cabinets, etc.).
Practicing good human resource management (HRM) enables managers of an enterprise to express their goals with specificity, increasing worker comprehension of goals, and provide the necessary resources to promote successfully accomplishment of said goals. When HRM is properly employed members of the workforce are expressive of the goals and operating practices of the firm.
HRM is seen by practitioners in the field as a more innovative view of workplace management than the traditional approach. Its techniques force the managers of an enterprise to express their goals with specificity so that they can be understood and undertaken by the workforce, and to provide the resources needed for them to successfully accomplish their assignments. As such, HRM techniques, when properly practiced, are expressive of the goals and operating practices of the enterprise overall. HRM is also seen by many to have a key role in risk rection within organisations.
Human resource management is sometimes referred to as:
Organizational management
Personnel administration
Manpower management
Human capital management
Instrial management
Human resource management is sometimes referred to as:
Organizational management
Personnel administration
Manpower management
Human capital management
Instrial management[3
Functions
Function
The Human Resources Management (HRM) function includes a variety of activities, and key among them is deciding the staffing needs of an organization and whether to use independent contractors or hire employees to fill these needs, recruiting and training the best employees, ensuring they are high performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring your personnel and management practices conform to various regulations. Activities also include managing your approach to employee benefits and compensation, employee records and personnel policies. Usually small businesses (for-profit or nonprofit) have to carry out these activities themselves because they can't yet afford part- or full-time help. However, they should always ensure that employees have— are aware of—personnel policies which conform to current regulations. These policies are often in the form of employee manuals, which all employees have.
Note that some people distinguish a difference between HRM (a major management activity) and HRD (Human Resource Development, a profession). Those people might include HRM in HRD, explaining that HRD includes the broader range of activities to develop personnel inside of organizations, including, e.g., career development, training, organization development, etc.
There is a long-standing argument about where HR-related functions should be organized into large organizations, e.g., "should HR be in the Organization Development department or the other way around?"
The HRM function and HRD profession have undergone major changes over the past 20–30 years. Many years ago, large organizations looked to the "Personnel Department," mostly to manage the paperwork around hiring and paying people. More recently, organizations consider the "HR Department" as playing an important role in staffing, training and helping to manage people so that people and the organization are performing at maximum capability in a highly fulfilling manner.
E. 那裡有英文版人力資源管理畢業論文
http://www.managementhelp.org/hr_mgmnt/hr_mgmnt.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resource_management
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%9B%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=FciK6xtWfy0C&pg=PT166&lpg=PT166&dq=Private+Enterprise+human+resource+management&source=web&ots=OFncstpski&sig=6f_0AsxbQZFRexeS08L8UAT_Zf8&hl=en
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_resource_management_topics
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=9fWF_ndSCcAC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=4xwIYBuMf9&sig=6qfNhxSFoKD-_s0NWnwVdVS-vHk
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=EZ1CLRm3FnQC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=e9ZXXrcD0q&sig=i_JxI28y7ZXehl-dqvoX-KtdldI
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=1m0i_YKPDNwC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=yu6BZIhFj_&sig=WU6l52bZ0JH2JZPN4Qy038OtuKA
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=Gu1YWQGHgLcC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=H7SbJNAizE&sig=Y3GssDjBHljJr3aRrmVgCaA9gTY
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=bnAiaXdzbRwC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=NbX4F8U9oG&sig=umxDaoU05w_dZkxyT_usnZH5lR0
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=Vs98_GTpU5EC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=571NexI6ER&sig=i8A4B8m2nb1LkNv8UrzVcgm2XI8
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=aQpPzvu4eC0C&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=9c4a-JsUBC&sig=N8_-lXARbKr61H9yKwrhNcPQF8Y
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=2BWLZTWoAeUC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=msCayB2Gwr&sig=2WxIZuqhy3ZvWW7rPYsqCwkOwcY
Human resource management (HRM) is the strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization's most valued assets - the people working there who indivially and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business.[1] The terms "human resource management" and "human resources" (HR) have largely replaced the term "personnel management" as a description of the processes involved in managing people in organizations.[1] Human Resource management is evolving rapidly. Human resource management is both an academic theory and a business practice that addresses the theoretical and practical techniques of managing a workforce.
Features
Its features include:
Personnel administration
Personnel management
Manpower management
Instrial management[2][3]
But these traditional expressions are becoming less common for the theoretical discipline. Sometimes even instrial relations and employee relations are confusingly listed as synonyms,[4] although these normally refer to the relationship between management and workers and the behavior of workers in companies.
The theoretical discipline is based primarily on the assumption that employees are indivials with varying goals and needs, and as such should not be thought of as basic business resources, such as trucks and filing cabinets. The field takes a positive view of workers, assuming that virtually all wish to contribute to the enterprise proctively, and that the main obstacles to their endeavors are lack of knowledge, insufficient training, and failures of process.
HRM is seen by practitioners in the field as a more innovative view of workplace management than the traditional approach. Its techniques force the managers of an enterprise to express their goals with specificity so that they can be understood and undertaken by the workforce, and to provide the resources needed for them to successfully accomplish their assignments. As such, HRM techniques, when properly practiced, are expressive of the goals and operating practices of the enterprise overall. HRM is also seen by many to have a key role in risk rection within organisations.[5]
Synonyms such as personnel management are often used in a more restricted sense to describe activities that are necessary in the recruiting of a workforce, providing its members with payroll and benefits, and administrating their work-life needs. So if we move to actual definitions, Torrington and Hall (1987) define personnel management as being:
「a series of activities which: first enable working people and their employing organisations to agree about the objectives and nature of their working relationship and, secondly, ensures that the agreement is fulfilled" (p. 49).
While Miller (1987) suggests that HRM relates to:
".......those decisions and actions which concern the management of employees at all levels in the business and which are related to the implementation of strategies directed towards creating and sustaining competitive advantage" (p. 352).
Academic theory
The goal of human resource management is to help an organization to meet strategic goals by attracting, and maintaining employees and also to manage them effectively. The key word here perhaps is "fit", i.e. a HRM approach seeks to ensure a fit between the management of an organization's employees, and the overall strategic direction of the company (Miller, 1989).
The basic premise of the academic theory of HRM is that humans are not machines, therefore we need to have an interdisciplinary examination of people in the workplace. Fields such as psychology, instrial engineering, instrial and organizational psychology, instrial relations, sociology, and critical theories: postmodernism, post-structuralism play a major role. Many colleges and universities offer bachelor and master degrees in Human Resources Management.
One widely used scheme to describe the role of HRM, developed by Dave Ulrich, defines 4 fields for the HRM function:[6]
Strategic business partner
Change agent
Employee champion
Administration
However, many HR functions these days struggle to get beyond the roles of administration and employee champion, and are seen rather as reactive than strategically proactive partners for the top management. In addition, HR organizations also have the difficulty in proving how their activities and processes add value to the company. Only in the recent years HR scholars and HR professionals are focusing to develop models that can measure if HR adds value.[7]
Critical Academic Theory
Postmodernism plays an important part in Academic Theory and particularly in Critical Theory. Indeed Karen Legge in 'Human Resource Management: Rhetorics and Realities' possess the debate of whether HRM is a modernist project or a postmodern discourse (Legge 2004). In many ways, critically or not, many writers contend that HRM itself is an attempt to move away from the modernist traditions of personnel (man as machine) towards a postmodernist view of HRM (man as indivials). Critiques include the notion that because 'Human' is the subject we should recognize that people are complex and that it is only through various discourses that we understand the world. Man is not Machine, no matter what attempts are made to change it i.e. Fordism / Taylorism, McDonaldisation (Modernism).
Critical Theory also questions whether HRM is the pursuit of "attitudinal shaping" (Wilkinson 1998), particularly when considering empowerment, or perhaps more precisely pseudo-empowerment - as the critical perspective notes. Many critics note the move away from Man as Machine is often in many ways, more a Linguistic (discursive) move away than a real attempt to recognise the Human in Human Resource Management.
Critical Theory, in particular postmodernism (poststructualism), recognises that because the subject is people in the workplace, the subject is a complex one, and therefore simplistic notions of 'the best way' or a unitary perspectives on the subject are too simplistic. It also considers the complex subject of power, power games, and office politics. Power in the workplace is a vast and complex subject that cannot be easily defined. This leaves many critics to suggest that Management 'Gurus', consultants, 'best practice' and HR models are often overly simplistic, but in order to sell an idea, they are simplified, and often lead Management as a whole to fall into the trap of oversimplifying the relationship.
Business practice
Human resources management comprises several processes. Together they are supposed to achieve the above mentioned goal. These processes can be performed in an HR department, but some tasks can also be outsourced or performed by line-managers or other departments.
Workforce planning
Recruitment (sometimes separated into attraction and selection)
Inction and Orientation
Skills management
Training and development
Personnel administration
Compensation in wage or salary
Time management
Travel management (sometimes assigned to accounting rather than HRM)
Payroll (sometimes assigned to accounting rather than HRM)
Employee benefits administration
Personnel cost planning
Performance appraisal
Careers
The sort of careers available in HRM are varied. There are generalist HRM jobs such as human resource assistant. There are careers involved with employment, recruitment and placement and these are usually concted by interviewers, EOE (Equal Opportunity Employment) specialists or college recruiters. Training and development specialism is often concted by trainers and orientation specialists. Compensation and benefits tasks are handled by compensation analysts, salary administrators, and benefits administrators.
Professional organizations
Professional organizations in HRM include the Society for Human Resource Management, the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), the International Public Management Association for HR (IPMA-HR) and the International Personnel Management Association of Canada (IPMA-Canada).Management Association of Nepal [MAN]
人力資源管理，是指為了完成管理工作中涉及人或人事方面的任務所進行的管理工作。
人力資源管理工作包括：工作分析；制定人力需求計劃以及人員招募；培訓及開發；薪酬及福利管理、績效評估；勞動關系管理等。
人力資源管理愈來愈被重視。在經濟發展成熟的體系下，人力資源管理必須配合以爭取最佳的資源效益，若將不適當的人力配對不適當的職位，資源效益不但全無，或可能有損耗。現代經濟講求平衡及配合，提升管理效能和質素，就要人力資源配合以作平衡，個中的內容是設立人力資源架構框架，用最適合的人做最適合的工作。建立人力資源平台，作為溝通及搜集資訊渠道，將各方意見綜合，舍短取長，以處理薪酬、福利等事宜。人力資源最重要是培訓及發展，人力資源發展必須投資在培訓方面，以發揮各階層的人力資源潛能。
發展簡史
在現實世界不同的國家人力資源的發展情況以及歷史都不同。一般說來，人力資源的學術界發展經歷了：人事管理（Personnel Management），人力資源管理（Human Resource Management）到現在新近興起的人力資本管理（Human Capital Management）。其只要不同即在於公司和企業對待職員的理念的變化和發展。
在人事管理階段，人事經理們的工作是管理職工福利，以及和工會的法律程序方面。公司的上層管理部門將人事部門的各種活動以及公司職員皆看作公司的大筆純支出，而盡可能的削減這部分的開支。公司對人事部的活動持不積極的支持態度。
在人力資源管理階段，企業員工被看成企業的可以增值的資產而被發展以期充分利用潛能。人力資源部門充分利用職位分析，工作分析，職位概述，人員選擇和招聘，員工培訓等等活動來提高企業員工的效率，從而增加企業的管理和運營更加有效。當一個公司實行人力資源管理戰略的時候，人力資源部門將被納入公司戰略計劃的一個重要組成部分。公司的未來發展，市場拓展，新產品研發等等都要牽扯到人力資源部門的支持，協調與合作。人力資源被作為提高公司競爭力的戰略手段而被重視。除此之外，人力資源管理就是協助公司去激勵員工，透過一些物質上的滿足和一些財務獎勵，從而增加員工的對公司歸屬感、增加員工士氣和減低對工作的不滿等¨。有高昂的士氣會使工作更加有效率和使工作更加順利，最終公司和員工也各有得益。
在人力資本管理階段，人力部門的基本職責仍與人力資源管理時期相似，但是企業員工不再被看作有發展潛力的資產，而是公司可以利用的資本。人力資源部門的各項活動被量化與公司的利潤率掛鉤，並且這也是衡量職工和各部門是否有效工作的主要手段。
主要職能
人力資源管理的主要職能包括：人員招募；培訓及開發；薪酬及福利管理。
人員招募：
人員招募又稱為人員招聘。主要是基於組織（公司，政府，非盈利組織等）的近期及遠期的業務需要，來制定人員需求的計劃，並通過各種招聘手段來完成組織的人員需求。
人員招募主要涉及人員規劃，簡歷收集，選聘，錄用及員工入職培訓。
培訓及開發：
培訓及開發主要是通過一些培訓及開發的技術及手段，提高員工的技能，以適應公司所處經營環境中的技術及知識的變化。
主要的技術及手段有：
培訓 在崗培訓 輪崗 員工繼續教育計劃 輔導，訓導
薪酬；福利管理：
人力資源管理的內外部條件
人力資源管理的外部條件
勞動法規
勞動力市場
當地文化
人力資源管理的內部條件
企業經營戰略
國際化程度
人力資源部的組織設置
有以下三種方式：
職能型組織設置
人力規劃
人力購得
培訓與進修
工資和薪水
社會事業
對象型組織設置
技術類員工
管理類員工
領導層
受培訓者
混合模式
F. 人力資源方面英語作文
人力資源英語
計算機/互聯網/通訊 Technology/Internet
首席技術執行官 CTO/VP Engineering
技術總監/經理 Technical Director/Manager
信息技術經理 IT Manager
信息技術主管 IT Supervisor
信息技術專員 IT Specialist
項目經理/主管 Project Manager/Supervisor
項目執行/協調人員 Project Specialist / Coordinator
系統分析員 System Analyst
高級軟體工程師 Senior Software Engineer
軟體工程師 Software Engineer
系統工程師 System Engineer
高級硬體工程師 Senior Hardware Engineer
硬體工程師 Hardware Engineer
通信技術工程師 Communications Engineer
ERP技術/應用顧問 ERP Technical/Application Consultant
資料庫工程師 Database Engineer
技術支持經理 Technical Support Manager
技術支持工程師 Technical Support Engineer
品質經理 QA Manager
信息安全工程師 Information Security Engineer
軟體測試工程師 Software QA Engineer
硬體測試工程師 Hardware QA Engineer
測試員 Test Engineer
網站營運經理/主管 Web Operations Manager/Supervisor
網路工程師 Network Engineer
系統管理員/網管 System Manager/Webmaster
網頁設計/製作 Web Designer/Proction
技術文員/助理 Technical Clerk/Assistant
銷售 Sales
銷售總監 Sales Director
銷售經理 Sales Manager
區域銷售經理 Regional Sales Manager
客戶經理 Sales Account Manager
渠道/分銷經理 Channel/Distribution Manager
渠道主管 Channel Supervisor
銷售主管 Sales Supervisor
銷售代表 Sales Representative / Executive
銷售工程師 Sales Engineer
醫葯代表 Pharmaceutical Sales Representative
保險代理 Insurance Agent
銷售助理 Sales Assistant / Trainee
商務經理 Business Manager
商務專員/助理 Business Executive/Assistant
銷售行政經理 Sales Admin. Manager
銷售行政主管 Sales Admin. Supervisor
售前/售後技術服務經理 Technical Service Manager
售前/售後技術服務主管 Technical Service Supervisor
售前/售後技術服務工程師 Technical Service Engineer
售後/客戶服務（非技術）經理 Customer Service Manager
售後/客戶服務（非技術）主管 Customer Service Supervisor
售後/客戶服務（非技術）專員 Customer Service Executive
經銷商 Distributor
市場/公關/廣告 Marketing/PR/Advertising
市場/廣告總監 Marketing/Advertising Director/VP
市場/營銷經理 Marketing Manager
市場/營銷主管 Marketing Supervisor
市場/營銷專員 Marketing Executive/Communication
市場助理 Marketing Assistant / Trainee
產品/品牌經理 Proct/Brand Manager
產品/品牌主管 Proct/Brand Supervisor
市場通路經理 Trade Marketing Manager
市場通路主管 Trade Marketing Supervisor
促銷經理 Promotions Manager
促銷主管 Promotions Supervisor
促銷員 Promotions Specialist
市場分析/調研人員 Market Analyst/ Research Analyst
公關/會務經理 Public Relations Manager
公關/會務主管 Public Relations Supervisor
公關/會務專員 Public Relations Executive
媒介經理 Media Manager
媒介人員 Media Specialist
企業/業務發展經理 Business Development Manager
企業策劃人員 Corporate Planning
廣告策劃/設計/文案 Advertising Creative/Design/Copy writer
財務/審計/統計/金融 Finance/Accounting/Banking
財務總監 CFO/Finance Director/VP
財務經理 Finance Manager
財務主管/總帳主管 Finance Supervisor
會計經理/會計主管 Accounting Manager/Supervisor
會計 Accountant / Accounting Trainee
出納員 Cashier
G. 求幾篇人力資源管理英文期刊文章 ,一定要是英文的!(有沒有翻譯都可以,有的最好)
http://managementstudyguide.com/human-resource-management.htm
http://www.shrm.org/Publications/ManagingSmart/Pages/Elevate-Your-Leadership.aspx
http://managementhelp.org/humanresources/index.htm#anchor124042
hope this helps
H. 有關人力資源管理的中英文文獻
注意！樓上的這個英文文獻是google譯的，不順。。。
http://www.managementhelp.org/hr_mgmnt/hr_mgmnt.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resource_management
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%9B%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=FciK6xtWfy0C&pg=PT166&lpg=PT166&dq=Private+Enterprise+human+resource+management&source=web&ots=OFncstpski&sig=6f_0AsxbQZFRexeS08L8UAT_Zf8&hl=en
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_resource_management_topics
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=9fWF_ndSCcAC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=4xwIYBuMf9&sig=6qfNhxSFoKD-_s0NWnwVdVS-vHk
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=EZ1CLRm3FnQC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=e9ZXXrcD0q&sig=i_JxI28y7ZXehl-dqvoX-KtdldI
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=1m0i_YKPDNwC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=yu6BZIhFj_&sig=WU6l52bZ0JH2JZPN4Qy038OtuKA
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=Gu1YWQGHgLcC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=H7SbJNAizE&sig=Y3GssDjBHljJr3aRrmVgCaA9gTY
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=bnAiaXdzbRwC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=NbX4F8U9oG&sig=umxDaoU05w_dZkxyT_usnZH5lR0
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=Vs98_GTpU5EC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=571NexI6ER&sig=i8A4B8m2nb1LkNv8UrzVcgm2XI8
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=aQpPzvu4eC0C&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=9c4a-JsUBC&sig=N8_-lXARbKr61H9yKwrhNcPQF8Y
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=2BWLZTWoAeUC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=msCayB2Gwr&sig=2WxIZuqhy3ZvWW7rPYsqCwkOwcY
Human resource management (HRM) is the strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization's most valued assets - the people working there who indivially and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business.[1] The terms "human resource management" and "human resources" (HR) have largely replaced the term "personnel management" as a description of the processes involved in managing people in organizations.[1] Human Resource management is evolving rapidly. Human resource management is both an academic theory and a business practice that addresses the theoretical and practical techniques of managing a workforce.
Features
Its features include:
Personnel administration
Personnel management
Manpower management
Instrial management[2][3]
But these traditional expressions are becoming less common for the theoretical discipline. Sometimes even instrial relations and employee relations are confusingly listed as synonyms,[4] although these normally refer to the relationship between management and workers and the behavior of workers in companies.
The theoretical discipline is based primarily on the assumption that employees are indivials with varying goals and needs, and as such should not be thought of as basic business resources, such as trucks and filing cabinets. The field takes a positive view of workers, assuming that virtually all wish to contribute to the enterprise proctively, and that the main obstacles to their endeavors are lack of knowledge, insufficient training, and failures of process.
HRM is seen by practitioners in the field as a more innovative view of workplace management than the traditional approach. Its techniques force the managers of an enterprise to express their goals with specificity so that they can be understood and undertaken by the workforce, and to provide the resources needed for them to successfully accomplish their assignments. As such, HRM techniques, when properly practiced, are expressive of the goals and operating practices of the enterprise overall. HRM is also seen by many to have a key role in risk rection within organisations.[5]
Synonyms such as personnel management are often used in a more restricted sense to describe activities that are necessary in the recruiting of a workforce, providing its members with payroll and benefits, and administrating their work-life needs. So if we move to actual definitions, Torrington and Hall (1987) define personnel management as being:
「a series of activities which: first enable working people and their employing organisations to agree about the objectives and nature of their working relationship and, secondly, ensures that the agreement is fulfilled" (p. 49).
While Miller (1987) suggests that HRM relates to:
".......those decisions and actions which concern the management of employees at all levels in the business and which are related to the implementation of strategies directed towards creating and sustaining competitive advantage" (p. 352).
Academic theory
The goal of human resource management is to help an organization to meet strategic goals by attracting, and maintaining employees and also to manage them effectively. The key word here perhaps is "fit", i.e. a HRM approach seeks to ensure a fit between the management of an organization's employees, and the overall strategic direction of the company (Miller, 1989).
The basic premise of the academic theory of HRM is that humans are not machines, therefore we need to have an interdisciplinary examination of people in the workplace. Fields such as psychology, instrial engineering, instrial and organizational psychology, instrial relations, sociology, and critical theories: postmodernism, post-structuralism play a major role. Many colleges and universities offer bachelor and master degrees in Human Resources Management.
One widely used scheme to describe the role of HRM, developed by Dave Ulrich, defines 4 fields for the HRM function:[6]
Strategic business partner
Change agent
Employee champion
Administration
However, many HR functions these days struggle to get beyond the roles of administration and employee champion, and are seen rather as reactive than strategically proactive partners for the top management. In addition, HR organizations also have the difficulty in proving how their activities and processes add value to the company. Only in the recent years HR scholars and HR professionals are focusing to develop models that can measure if HR adds value.[7]
Critical Academic Theory
Postmodernism plays an important part in Academic Theory and particularly in Critical Theory. Indeed Karen Legge in 'Human Resource Management: Rhetorics and Realities' possess the debate of whether HRM is a modernist project or a postmodern discourse (Legge 2004). In many ways, critically or not, many writers contend that HRM itself is an attempt to move away from the modernist traditions of personnel (man as machine) towards a postmodernist view of HRM (man as indivials). Critiques include the notion that because 'Human' is the subject we should recognize that people are complex and that it is only through various discourses that we understand the world. Man is not Machine, no matter what attempts are made to change it i.e. Fordism / Taylorism, McDonaldisation (Modernism).
Critical Theory also questions whether HRM is the pursuit of "attitudinal shaping" (Wilkinson 1998), particularly when considering empowerment, or perhaps more precisely pseudo-empowerment - as the critical perspective notes. Many critics note the move away from Man as Machine is often in many ways, more a Linguistic (discursive) move away than a real attempt to recognise the Human in Human Resource Management.
Critical Theory, in particular postmodernism (poststructualism), recognises that because the subject is people in the workplace, the subject is a complex one, and therefore simplistic notions of 'the best way' or a unitary perspectives on the subject are too simplistic. It also considers the complex subject of power, power games, and office politics. Power in the workplace is a vast and complex subject that cannot be easily defined. This leaves many critics to suggest that Management 'Gurus', consultants, 'best practice' and HR models are often overly simplistic, but in order to sell an idea, they are simplified, and often lead Management as a whole to fall into the trap of oversimplifying the relationship.
Business practice
Human resources management comprises several processes. Together they are supposed to achieve the above mentioned goal. These processes can be performed in an HR department, but some tasks can also be outsourced or performed by line-managers or other departments.
Workforce planning
Recruitment (sometimes separated into attraction and selection)
Inction and Orientation
Skills management
Training and development
Personnel administration
Compensation in wage or salary
Time management
Travel management (sometimes assigned to accounting rather than HRM)
Payroll (sometimes assigned to accounting rather than HRM)
Employee benefits administration
Personnel cost planning
Performance appraisal
Careers
The sort of careers available in HRM are varied. There are generalist HRM jobs such as human resource assistant. There are careers involved with employment, recruitment and placement and these are usually concted by interviewers, EOE (Equal Opportunity Employment) specialists or college recruiters. Training and development specialism is often concted by trainers and orientation specialists. Compensation and benefits tasks are handled by compensation analysts, salary administrators, and benefits administrators.
Professional organizations
Professional organizations in HRM include the Society for Human Resource Management, the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), the International Public Management Association for HR (IPMA-HR) and the International Personnel Management Association of Canada (IPMA-Canada).Management Association of Nepal [MAN]
人力資源管理，是指為了完成管理工作中涉及人或人事方面的任務所進行的管理工作。
人力資源管理工作包括：工作分析；制定人力需求計劃以及人員招募；培訓及開發；薪酬及福利管理、績效評估；勞動關系管理等。
人力資源管理愈來愈被重視。在經濟發展成熟的體系下，人力資源管理必須配合以爭取最佳的資源效益，若將不適當的人力配對不適當的職位，資源效益不但全無，或可能有損耗。現代經濟講求平衡及配合，提升管理效能和質素，就要人力資源配合以作平衡，個中的內容是設立人力資源架構框架，用最適合的人做最適合的工作。建立人力資源平台，作為溝通及搜集資訊渠道，將各方意見綜合，舍短取長，以處理薪酬、福利等事宜。人力資源最重要是培訓及發展，人力資源發展必須投資在培訓方面，以發揮各階層的人力資源潛能。
發展簡史
在現實世界不同的國家人力資源的發展情況以及歷史都不同。一般說來，人力資源的學術界發展經歷了：人事管理（Personnel Management），人力資源管理（Human Resource Management）到現在新近興起的人力資本管理（Human Capital Management）。其只要不同即在於公司和企業對待職員的理念的變化和發展。
在人事管理階段，人事經理們的工作是管理職工福利，以及和工會的法律程序方面。公司的上層管理部門將人事部門的各種活動以及公司職員皆看作公司的大筆純支出，而盡可能的削減這部分的開支。公司對人事部的活動持不積極的支持態度。
在人力資源管理階段，企業員工被看成企業的可以增值的資產而被發展以期充分利用潛能。人力資源部門充分利用職位分析，工作分析，職位概述，人員選擇和招聘，員工培訓等等活動來提高企業員工的效率，從而增加企業的管理和運營更加有效。當一個公司實行人力資源管理戰略的時候，人力資源部門將被納入公司戰略計劃的一個重要組成部分。公司的未來發展，市場拓展，新產品研發等等都要牽扯到人力資源部門的支持，協調與合作。人力資源被作為提高公司競爭力的戰略手段而被重視。除此之外，人力資源管理就是協助公司去激勵員工，透過一些物質上的滿足和一些財務獎勵，從而增加員工的對公司歸屬感、增加員工士氣和減低對工作的不滿等¨。有高昂的士氣會使工作更加有效率和使工作更加順利，最終公司和員工也各有得益。
在人力資本管理階段，人力部門的基本職責仍與人力資源管理時期相似，但是企業員工不再被看作有發展潛力的資產，而是公司可以利用的資本。人力資源部門的各項活動被量化與公司的利潤率掛鉤，並且這也是衡量職工和各部門是否有效工作的主要手段。
主要職能
人力資源管理的主要職能包括：人員招募；培訓及開發；薪酬及福利管理。
人員招募：
人員招募又稱為人員招聘。主要是基於組織（公司，政府，非盈利組織等）的近期及遠期的業務需要，來制定人員需求的計劃，並通過各種招聘手段來完成組織的人員需求。
人員招募主要涉及人員規劃，簡歷收集，選聘，錄用及員工入職培訓。
培訓及開發：
培訓及開發主要是通過一些培訓及開發的技術及手段，提高員工的技能，以適應公司所處經營環境中的技術及知識的變化。
主要的技術及手段有：
培訓 在崗培訓 輪崗 員工繼續教育計劃 輔導，訓導
薪酬；福利管理：
人力資源管理的內外部條件
人力資源管理的外部條件
勞動法規
勞動力市場
當地文化
人力資源管理的內部條件
企業經營戰略
國際化程度
人力資源部的組織設置
有以下三種方式：
職能型組織設置
人力規劃
人力購得
培訓與進修
工資和薪水
社會事業
對象型組織設置
技術類員工
管理類員工
領導層
受培訓者
混合模式
I. 求關於人力資源管理的英文論文，最好有翻譯
http://www.managementhelp.org/hr_mgmnt/hr_mgmnt.htm
http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=FciK6xtWfy0C&pg=PT166&lpg=PT166&dq=Private+Enterprise+human+resource+management&source=web&ots=OFncstpski&sig=6f_0AsxbQZFRexeS08L8UAT_Zf8&hl=en
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=9fWF_ndSCcAC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=4xwIYBuMf9&sig=6qfNhxSFoKD-_s0NWnwVdVS-vHk
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=EZ1CLRm3FnQC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=e9ZXXrcD0q&sig=i_JxI28y7ZXehl-dqvoX-KtdldI
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=1m0i_YKPDNwC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=yu6BZIhFj_&sig=WU6l52bZ0JH2JZPN4Qy038OtuKA
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=Gu1YWQGHgLcC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=H7SbJNAizE&sig=Y3GssDjBHljJr3aRrmVgCaA9gTY
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=bnAiaXdzbRwC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=NbX4F8U9oG&sig=umxDaoU05w_dZkxyT_usnZH5lR0
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=Vs98_GTpU5EC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=571NexI6ER&sig=i8A4B8m2nb1LkNv8UrzVcgm2XI8
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=aQpPzvu4eC0C&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=9c4a-JsUBC&sig=N8_-lXARbKr61H9yKwrhNcPQF8Y
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=2BWLZTWoAeUC&dq=human+resource+management&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=msCayB2Gwr&sig=2WxIZuqhy3ZvWW7rPYsqCwkOwcY
Human resource management (HRM) is the strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization's most valued assets - the people working there who indivially and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business.[1] The terms "human resource management" and "human resources" (HR) have largely replaced the term "personnel management" as a description of the processes involved in managing people in organizations.[1] Human Resource management is evolving rapidly. Human resource management is both an academic theory and a business practice that addresses the theoretical and practical techniques of managing a workforce.
Features
Its features include:
Personnel administration
Personnel management
Manpower management
Instrial management[2][3]
But these traditional expressions are becoming less common for the theoretical discipline. Sometimes even instrial relations and employee relations are confusingly listed as synonyms,[4] although these normally refer to the relationship between management and workers and the behavior of workers in companies.
The theoretical discipline is based primarily on the assumption that employees are indivials with varying goals and needs, and as such should not be thought of as basic business resources, such as trucks and filing cabinets. The field takes a positive view of workers, assuming that virtually all wish to contribute to the enterprise proctively, and that the main obstacles to their endeavors are lack of knowledge, insufficient training, and failures of process.
HRM is seen by practitioners in the field as a more innovative view of workplace management than the traditional approach. Its techniques force the managers of an enterprise to express their goals with specificity so that they can be understood and undertaken by the workforce, and to provide the resources needed for them to successfully accomplish their assignments. As such, HRM techniques, when properly practiced, are expressive of the goals and operating practices of the enterprise overall. HRM is also seen by many to have a key role in risk rection within organisations.[5]
Synonyms such as personnel management are often used in a more restricted sense to describe activities that are necessary in the recruiting of a workforce, providing its members with payroll and benefits, and administrating their work-life needs. So if we move to actual definitions, Torrington and Hall (1987) define personnel management as being:
「a series of activities which: first enable working people and their employing organisations to agree about the objectives and nature of their working relationship and, secondly, ensures that the agreement is fulfilled" (p. 49).
While Miller (1987) suggests that HRM relates to:
".......those decisions and actions which concern the management of employees at all levels in the business and which are related to the implementation of strategies directed towards creating and sustaining competitive advantage" (p. 352).
Academic theory
The goal of human resource management is to help an organization to meet strategic goals by attracting, and maintaining employees and also to manage them effectively. The key word here perhaps is "fit", i.e. a HRM approach seeks to ensure a fit between the management of an organization's employees, and the overall strategic direction of the company (Miller, 1989).
The basic premise of the academic theory of HRM is that humans are not machines, therefore we need to have an interdisciplinary examination of people in the workplace. Fields such as psychology, instrial engineering, instrial and organizational psychology, instrial relations, sociology, and critical theories: postmodernism, post-structuralism play a major role. Many colleges and universities offer bachelor and master degrees in Human Resources Management.
One widely used scheme to describe the role of HRM, developed by Dave Ulrich, defines 4 fields for the HRM function:[6]
Strategic business partner
Change agent
Employee champion
Administration
However, many HR functions these days struggle to get beyond the roles of administration and employee champion, and are seen rather as reactive than strategically proactive partners for the top management. In addition, HR organizations also have the difficulty in proving how their activities and processes add value to the company. Only in the recent years HR scholars and HR professionals are focusing to develop models that can measure if HR adds value.[7]
Critical Academic Theory
Postmodernism plays an important part in Academic Theory and particularly in Critical Theory. Indeed Karen Legge in 'Human Resource Management: Rhetorics and Realities' possess the debate of whether HRM is a modernist project or a postmodern discourse (Legge 2004). In many ways, critically or not, many writers contend that HRM itself is an attempt to move away from the modernist traditions of personnel (man as machine) towards a postmodernist view of HRM (man as indivials). Critiques include the notion that because 'Human' is the subject we should recognize that people are complex and that it is only through various discourses that we understand the world. Man is not Machine, no matter what attempts are made to change it i.e. Fordism / Taylorism, McDonaldisation (Modernism).
Critical Theory also questions whether HRM is the pursuit of "attitudinal shaping" (Wilkinson 1998), particularly when considering empowerment, or perhaps more precisely pseudo-empowerment - as the critical perspective notes. Many critics note the move away from Man as Machine is often in many ways, more a Linguistic (discursive) move away than a real attempt to recognise the Human in Human Resource Management.
Critical Theory, in particular postmodernism (poststructualism), recognises that because the subject is people in the workplace, the subject is a complex one, and therefore simplistic notions of 'the best way' or a unitary perspectives on the subject are too simplistic. It also considers the complex subject of power, power games, and office politics. Power in the workplace is a vast and complex subject that cannot be easily defined. This leaves many critics to suggest that Management 'Gurus', consultants, 'best practice' and HR models are often overly simplistic, but in order to sell an idea, they are simplified, and often lead Management as a whole to fall into the trap of oversimplifying the relationship.
Business practice
Human resources management comprises several processes. Together they are supposed to achieve the above mentioned goal. These processes can be performed in an HR department, but some tasks can also be outsourced or performed by line-managers or other departments.
Workforce planning
Recruitment (sometimes separated into attraction and selection)
Inction and Orientation
Skills management
Training and development
Personnel administration
Compensation in wage or salary
Time management
Travel management (sometimes assigned to accounting rather than HRM)
Payroll (sometimes assigned to accounting rather than HRM)
Employee benefits administration
Personnel cost planning
Performance appraisal
Careers
The sort of careers available in HRM are varied. There are generalist HRM jobs such as human resource assistant. There are careers involved with employment, recruitment and placement and these are usually concted by interviewers, EOE (Equal Opportunity Employment) specialists or college recruiters. Training and development specialism is often concted by trainers and orientation specialists. Compensation and benefits tasks are handled by compensation analysts, salary administrators, and benefits administrators.
Professional organizations
Professional organizations in HRM include the Society for Human Resource Management, the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), the International Public Management Association for HR (IPMA-HR) and the International Personnel Management Association of Canada (IPMA-Canada).Management Association of Nepal [MAN]
人力資源管理，是指為了完成管理工作中涉及人或人事方面的任務所進行的管理工作。
人力資源管理工作包括：工作分析；制定人力需求計劃以及人員招募；培訓及開發；薪酬及福利管理、績效評估；勞動關系管理等。
人力資源管理愈來愈被重視。在經濟發展成熟的體系下，人力資源管理必須配合以爭取最佳的資源效益，若將不適當的人力配對不適當的職位，資源效益不但全無，或可能有損耗。現代經濟講求平衡及配合，提升管理效能和質素，就要人力資源配合以作平衡，個中的內容是設立人力資源架構框架，用最適合的人做最適合的工作。建立人力資源平台，作為溝通及搜集資訊渠道，將各方意見綜合，舍短取長，以處理薪酬、福利等事宜。人力資源最重要是培訓及發展，人力資源發展必須投資在培訓方面，以發揮各階層的人力資源潛能。
發展簡史
在現實世界不同的國家人力資源的發展情況以及歷史都不同。一般說來，人力資源的學術界發展經歷了：人事管理（Personnel Management），人力資源管理（Human Resource Management）到現在新近興起的人力資本管理（Human Capital Management）。其只要不同即在於公司和企業對待職員的理念的變化和發展。
在人事管理階段，人事經理們的工作是管理職工福利，以及和工會的法律程序方面。公司的上層管理部門將人事部門的各種活動以及公司職員皆看作公司的大筆純支出，而盡可能的削減這部分的開支。公司對人事部的活動持不積極的支持態度。
在人力資源管理階段，企業員工被看成企業的可以增值的資產而被發展以期充分利用潛能。人力資源部門充分利用職位分析，工作分析，職位概述，人員選擇和招聘，員工培訓等等活動來提高企業員工的效率，從而增加企業的管理和運營更加有效。當一個公司實行人力資源管理戰略的時候，人力資源部門將被納入公司戰略計劃的一個重要組成部分。公司的未來發展，市場拓展，新產品研發等等都要牽扯到人力資源部門的支持，協調與合作。人力資源被作為提高公司競爭力的戰略手段而被重視。除此之外，人力資源管理就是協助公司去激勵員工，透過一些物質上的滿足和一些財務獎勵，從而增加員工的對公司歸屬感、增加員工士氣和減低對工作的不滿等¨。有高昂的士氣會使工作更加有效率和使工作更加順利，最終公司和員工也各有得益。
在人力資本管理階段，人力部門的基本職責仍與人力資源管理時期相似，但是企業員工不再被看作有發展潛力的資產，而是公司可以利用的資本。人力資源部門的各項活動被量化與公司的利潤率掛鉤，並且這也是衡量職工和各部門是否有效工作的主要手段。
主要職能
人力資源管理的主要職能包括：人員招募；培訓及開發；薪酬及福利管理。
人員招募：
人員招募又稱為人員招聘。主要是基於組織（公司，政府，非盈利組織等）的近期及遠期的業務需要，來制定人員需求的計劃，並通過各種招聘手段來完成組織的人員需求。
人員招募主要涉及人員規劃，簡歷收集，選聘，錄用及員工入職培訓。
培訓及開發：
培訓及開發主要是通過一些培訓及開發的技術及手段，提高員工的技能，以適應公司所處經營環境中的技術及知識的變化。
主要的技術及手段有：
培訓 在崗培訓 輪崗 員工繼續教育計劃 輔導，訓導
薪酬；福利管理：
人力資源管理的內外部條件
人力資源管理的外部條件
勞動法規
勞動力市場
當地文化
人力資源管理的內部條件
企業經營戰略
國際化程度
人力資源部的組織設置
有以下三種方式：
職能型組織設置
人力規劃
人力購得
培訓與進修
工資和薪水
社會事業
對象型組織設置
技術類員工
管理類員工
領導層
受培訓者
混合模式
J. 求HR（人力資源管理）英文材料
Human resource management (HRM) is the strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization's most valued assets - the people working there who indivially and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business.[1] The terms "human resource management" and "human resources" (HR) have largely replaced the term "personnel management" as a description of the processes involved in managing people in organizations.[1] Human Resource management is evolving rapidly. Human resource management is both an academic theory and a business practice that addresses the theoretical and practical techniques of managing a workforce.
Features
Its features include:
Personnel administration
Personnel management
Manpower management
Instrial management[2][3]
But these traditional expressions are becoming less common for the theoretical discipline. Sometimes even instrial relations and employee relations are confusingly listed as synonyms,[4] although these normally refer to the relationship between management and workers and the behavior of workers in companies.
The theoretical discipline is based primarily on the assumption that employees are indivials with varying goals and needs, and as such should not be thought of as basic business resources, such as trucks and filing cabinets. The field takes a positive view of workers, assuming that virtually all wish to contribute to the enterprise proctively, and that the main obstacles to their endeavors are lack of knowledge, insufficient training, and failures of process.
HRM is seen by practitioners in the field as a more innovative view of workplace management than the traditional approach. Its techniques force the managers of an enterprise to express their goals with specificity so that they can be understood and undertaken by the workforce, and to provide the resources needed for them to successfully accomplish their assignments. As such, HRM techniques, when properly practiced, are expressive of the goals and operating practices of the enterprise overall. HRM is also seen by many to have a key role in risk rection within organisations.[5]
Synonyms such as personnel management are often used in a more restricted sense to describe activities that are necessary in the recruiting of a workforce, providing its members with payroll and benefits, and administrating their work-life needs. So if we move to actual definitions, Torrington and Hall (1987) define personnel management as being:
「a series of activities which: first enable working people and their employing organisations to agree about the objectives and nature of their working relationship and, secondly, ensures that the agreement is fulfilled" (p. 49).
While Miller (1987) suggests that HRM relates to:
".......those decisions and actions which concern the management of employees at all levels in the business and which are related to the implementation of strategies directed towards creating and sustaining competitive advantage" (p. 352).
Academic theory
The goal of human resource management is to help an organization to meet strategic goals by attracting, and maintaining employees and also to manage them effectively. The key word here perhaps is "fit", i.e. a HRM approach seeks to ensure a fit between the management of an organization's employees, and the overall strategic direction of the company (Miller, 1989).
The basic premise of the academic theory of HRM is that humans are not machines, therefore we need to have an interdisciplinary examination of people in the workplace. Fields such as psychology, instrial engineering, instrial and organizational psychology, instrial relations, sociology, and critical theories: postmodernism, post-structuralism play a major role. Many colleges and universities offer bachelor and master degrees in Human Resources Management.
One widely used scheme to describe the role of HRM, developed by Dave Ulrich, defines 4 fields for the HRM function:[6]
Strategic business partner
Change agent
Employee champion
Administration
However, many HR functions these days struggle to get beyond the roles of administration and employee champion, and are seen rather as reactive than strategically proactive partners for the top management. In addition, HR organizations also have the difficulty in proving how their activities and processes add value to the company. Only in the recent years HR scholars and HR professionals are focusing to develop models that can measure if HR adds value.[7]
Critical Academic Theory
Postmodernism plays an important part in Academic Theory and particularly in Critical Theory. Indeed Karen Legge in 'Human Resource Management: Rhetorics and Realities' possess the debate of whether HRM is a modernist project or a postmodern discourse (Legge 2004). In many ways, critically or not, many writers contend that HRM itself is an attempt to move away from the modernist traditions of personnel (man as machine) towards a postmodernist view of HRM (man as indivials). Critiques include the notion that because 'Human' is the subject we should recognize that people are complex and that it is only through various discourses that we understand the world. Man is not Machine, no matter what attempts are made to change it i.e. Fordism / Taylorism, McDonaldisation (Modernism).
Critical Theory also questions whether HRM is the pursuit of "attitudinal shaping" (Wilkinson 1998), particularly when considering empowerment, or perhaps more precisely pseudo-empowerment - as the critical perspective notes. Many critics note the move away from Man as Machine is often in many ways, more a Linguistic (discursive) move away than a real attempt to recognise the Human in Human Resource Management.
Critical Theory, in particular postmodernism (poststructualism), recognises that because the subject is people in the workplace, the subject is a complex one, and therefore simplistic notions of 'the best way' or a unitary perspectives on the subject are too simplistic. It also considers the complex subject of power, power games, and office politics. Power in the workplace is a vast and complex subject that cannot be easily defined. This leaves many critics to suggest that Management 'Gurus', consultants, 'best practice' and HR models are often overly simplistic, but in order to sell an idea, they are simplified, and often lead Management as a whole to fall into the trap of oversimplifying the relationship.
Business practice
Human resources management comprises several processes. Together they are supposed to achieve the above mentioned goal. These processes can be performed in an HR department, but some tasks can also be outsourced or performed by line-managers or other departments.
Workforce planning
Recruitment (sometimes separated into attraction and selection)
Inction and Orientation
Skills management
Training and development
Personnel administration
Compensation in wage or salary
Time management
Travel management (sometimes assigned to accounting rather than HRM)
Payroll (sometimes assigned to accounting rather than HRM)
Employee benefits administration
Personnel cost planning
Performance appraisal
Careers
The sort of careers available in HRM are varied. There are generalist HRM jobs such as human resource assistant. There are careers involved with employment, recruitment and placement and these are usually concted by interviewers, EOE (Equal Opportunity Employment) specialists or college recruiters. Training and development specialism is often concted by trainers and orientation specialists. Compensation and benefits tasks are handled by compensation analysts, salary administrators, and benefits administrators.
Professional organizations
Professional organizations in HRM include the Society for Human Resource Management, the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), the International Public Management Association for HR (IPMA-HR) and the International Personnel Management Association of Canada (IPMA-Canada).Management Association of Nepal [MAN]
人力資源管理，是指為了完成管理工作中涉及人或人事方面的任務所進行的管理工作。
人力資源管理工作包括：工作分析；制定人力需求計劃以及人員招募；培訓及開發；薪酬及福利管理、績效評估；勞動關系管理等。
人力資源管理愈來愈被重視。在經濟發展成熟的體系下，人力資源管理必須配合以爭取最佳的資源效益，若將不適當的人力配對不適當的職位，資源效益不但全無，或可能有損耗。現代經濟講求平衡及配合，提升管理效能和質素，就要人力資源配合以作平衡，個中的內容是設立人力資源架構框架，用最適合的人做最適合的工作。建立人力資源平台，作為溝通及搜集資訊渠道，將各方意見綜合，舍短取長，以處理薪酬、福利等事宜。人力資源最重要是培訓及發展，人力資源發展必須投資在培訓方面，以發揮各階層的人力資源潛能。
發展簡史
在現實世界不同的國家人力資源的發展情況以及歷史都不同。一般說來，人力資源的學術界發展經歷了：人事管理（Personnel Management），人力資源管理（Human Resource Management）到現在新近興起的人力資本管理（Human Capital Management）。其只要不同即在於公司和企業對待職員的理念的變化和發展。
在人事管理階段，人事經理們的工作是管理職工福利，以及和工會的法律程序方面。公司的上層管理部門將人事部門的各種活動以及公司職員皆看作公司的大筆純支出，而盡可能的削減這部分的開支。公司對人事部的活動持不積極的支持態度。
在人力資源管理階段，企業員工被看成企業的可以增值的資產而被發展以期充分利用潛能。人力資源部門充分利用職位分析，工作分析，職位概述，人員選擇和招聘，員工培訓等等活動來提高企業員工的效率，從而增加企業的管理和運營更加有效。當一個公司實行人力資源管理戰略的時候，人力資源部門將被納入公司戰略計劃的一個重要組成部分。公司的未來發展，市場拓展，新產品研發等等都要牽扯到人力資源部門的支持，協調與合作。人力資源被作為提高公司競爭力的戰略手段而被重視。除此之外，人力資源管理就是協助公司去激勵員工，透過一些物質上的滿足和一些財務獎勵，從而增加員工的對公司歸屬感、增加員工士氣和減低對工作的不滿等¨。有高昂的士氣會使工作更加有效率和使工作更加順利，最終公司和員工也各有得益。
在人力資本管理階段，人力部門的基本職責仍與人力資源管理時期相似，但是企業員工不再被看作有發展潛力的資產，而是公司可以利用的資本。人力資源部門的各項活動被量化與公司的利潤率掛鉤，並且這也是衡量職工和各部門是否有效工作的主要手段。
主要職能
人力資源管理的主要職能包括：人員招募；培訓及開發；薪酬及福利管理。
人員招募：
人員招募又稱為人員招聘。主要是基於組織（公司，政府，非盈利組織等）的近期及遠期的業務需要，來制定人員需求的計劃，並通過各種招聘手段來完成組織的人員需求。
人員招募主要涉及人員規劃，簡歷收集，選聘，錄用及員工入職培訓。
培訓及開發：
培訓及開發主要是通過一些培訓及開發的技術及手段，提高員工的技能，以適應公司所處經營環境中的技術及知識的變化。
主要的技術及手段有：
培訓 在崗培訓 輪崗 員工繼續教育計劃 輔導，訓導
薪酬；福利管理：
人力資源管理的內外部條件
人力資源管理的外部條件
勞動法規
勞動力市場
當地文化
人力資源管理的內部條件
企業經營戰略
國際化程度
人力資源部的組織設置
有以下三種方式：
職能型組織設置
人力規劃
人力購得
培訓與進修
工資和薪水
社會事業
對象型組織設置
技術類員工
管理類員工
領導層
受培訓者
混合模式