虛假新聞英語作文

㈠ 假新聞 英語怎麼說

false news

㈡ "虛假新聞"用英文怎麼說

樓上那個就是虛假新聞
fake news~~~~~應該是把。。。

㈢ 哪裡有1980年普利策新聞獎的假新聞jimmy's world 的英文原稿啊，急求!

http://www.uncp.e/home/canada/work/markport/lit/litjour/spg2002/cooke.htm

Jimmy is 8 years old and a third-generation heroin addict, a precocious little boy with sandy hair, velvety brown eyes and needle marks freckling the baby-smooth skin of his thin brown arms.
He nestles in a large, beige reclining chair in the living room of his comfortably furnished home in Southeast Washington. There is an almost cherubic expression on his small, round face as he talks about life -- clothes, money, the Baltimore Orioles and heroin. He has been an addict since the age of 5. His hands are clasped behind his head, fancy running shoes adorn his feet, and a striped Izod T-shirt hangs over his thin frame. "Bad, ain't it," he boasts to a reporter visiting recently. "I got me six of these."
Jimmy's is a world of hard drugs, fast money and the good life he believes both can bring. Every day, junkies casually buy herion from Ron, his mother's live-in-lover, in the dining room of Jimmy's home. They "cook" it in the kitchen and "fire up" in the bedrooms. And every day, Ron or someone else fires up Jimmy, plunging a needle into his bony arm, sending the fourth grader into a hypnotic nod.
Jimmy prefers this atmosphere to school, where only one subject seems relevant to fulfilling his dreams. "I want to have me a bad car and dress good and also have me a good place to live," he says. "So, I pretty much pay attention to math because I know I got to keep up when I finally get me something to sell."
Jimmy wants to sell drugs, maybe even on the District's meanest street, Condon Terrace SE, and some day deal heroin, he says, "just like my man Ron."
Ron, 27, and recently up from the South, was the one who first turned Jimmy on."He'd be buggin' me all the time about what the shots were and what people was doin' and one day he said, 'When can I get off?'" Ron says, leaning against a wall in a narcotic haze, his eyes half closed, yet piercing. "I said, 'Well, s . . ., you can have some now.' I let him snort a little and, damn, the little de really did get off."
Six months later, Jimmy was hooked. "I felt like I was part of what was goin' down," he says. "I can't really tell you how it feel. You never done any? Sort of like them rides at King's Dominion . . . like if you was to go on all of them in one day.
"It be real different from herb (marijuana). That's baby s---. Don't nobody here hardly ever smoke no herb. You can't hardly get none right now anyway."
Jimmy's mother Andrea accepts her son's habit as a fact of life, although she will not inject the child herself and does not like to see others do it.
"I don't really like to see him fire up," she says. "But, you know, I think he would have got into it one day, anyway. Everybody does. When you live in the ghetto, it's all a matter of survival. If he wants to get away from it when he's older, then that's his thing. But right now, things are better for us than they've ever been. . . . Drugs and black folk been together for a very long time."
Heroin has become a part of life in many of Washington's neighborhoods, affecting thousands of teen-agers and alts who feel cut off from the world around them, and filtering down to untold numbers of children like Jimmy who are bored with school and battered by life.
On street corners and playgrounds across the city, youngsters often no older than 10 relate with uncanny accuracy the names of important dealers in their neighborhoods, and the going rate for their wares. For the uninitiated they can recite the color, taste, and smell of things such as heroin, cocaine, and marijuana, and rattle off the colors in a rainbow made of pills.
The heroin problem in the District has grown to what some call epidemic proportions, with the daily influx of so-called "Golden Crescent" heroin from Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, making the city fourth among six listed by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency as major points of entry for heroin in the United States. The "Golden Crescent" heroin is stronger and cheaper than the Southeast Asian and Mexican varieties previously available on the street, and its easy accessiblity has added to what has long been a serious problem in the nation's capital.
David G. Canaday, special agent in charge of the DEA's office here, says the agency "can't do anything about it [Golden Crescent heroin] because we have virtually no diplomatic ties in that part of the world." While judiciously avoiding the use of the term epidemic, Canaday does say that the city's heroin problem is "sizable."
Medical experts, such as Dr. Alyce Gullatte, director of the Howard University Drug Abuse Institute, say that heroin is destroying the city. And D.C.'s medical examiner, James Luke, has recorded a substantial increase in the number of deaths from heroin overdose, from seven in 1978 to 43 so far this year.
Death has not yet been a visitor to the house where Jimmy lives.
The kitchen and upstairs bedrooms are a human collage. People of all shapes and sizes drift into the dwelling and its various rooms, some jittery, uptight and anxious for a fix, others calm and serene after they finally "get off."
A fat woman wearing a white uniform and blond wig with a needle jabbed in it like a hatpin, totters down the staircase announcing that she is "feeling fine." A teen-age couple drift through the front door, the girl proudly pulling a syringe of the type used by diabetics from the hip pocket of her Gloria Vanderbilt jeans. "Got me a new one," she says to no one in particular as she and her boyfriend wander off into the kitchen to cook their snack and shoot each other up.
These are normal occurrences in Jimmy's world. Unlike most children his age, he doesn't usually go to school, preferring instead to hang with older boys between the ages of 11 and 16 who spend their day getting high on herb or PCP and doing a little dealing to collect spare change.
When Jimmy does find his way into the classroom, it is to learn more about his favorite subject -- math.
"You got to know how to do some figuring if you want to go into business," he says pragmatically. Using his mathematical skills in any other line of work is a completely foreign notion.
"They don't BE no jobs," Jimmy says. "You got to have some money to do anything, got to make some cash. Got to be selling something people always want to buy. Ron say people always want to buy some horse. My mama say it, too. She be using it and her mama be using it. It's always gonna be somebody who can use it. . . .
"The rest of them des on the street is sharp. You got to know how many of them are out there, how much they charge for all the different s---, who gonna buy from them and where their spots be . . . they bad, you know, cause they in business for themselves. Ain't nobody really telling them how they got to act."
In a city overflowing with what many consider positive role models for a black child with almost any ambition -- doctors, lawyers, politicians, bank presidents -- Jimmy wants most to be a good dope dealer. He says that when he is older, "maybe about 11," he would like to "go over to Condon Terrace (notorious for its open selling of drugs and violent way of life) or somewhere else and sell." With the money he says he would buy a German Shepherd dog and a bicycle, maybe a basketball, and save the rest "so I could buy some real s--- and sell it."
His mother doesn't view Jimmy's ambitions with alarm, perhaps because drugs are as much a part of Andrea's world as they are of her son's.
She never knew her father. Like her son, Andrea spent her childhood with her mother and the man with whom she lived for 15 years. She recalls that her mother's boyfriend routinely forced her and her younger sister to have sex with him, and Jimmy is the proct of one of those rapes.
Depressed and discouraged after his birth ("I didn't even name him, you know?My sister liked the name Jimmy and I said 'OK, call him that, who gives a fu--? I guess we got to call him something, don't we?'") she quickly accepted the offer of heroin from a woman who used to shoot up with her mother.
"It was like nothing I ever knew about before; you be in another world, you know? No more baby, no more mama . . . I could quit thinking about it. After I got off, I didn't have to be thinking about nothing."
Threee years later, the family moved after police discovered the shooting gallery in their home, and many of Andrea's sources of heroin dried up. She turned to prostitution and shoplifting to support a $60-a-day habit. Soon after, she met Ron, who had just arrived in Washington and was selling a variety of pills, angel st and some heroin. She saw him as a way to get off the street and readily agreed when he asked her to move in with him.
"I was tired of sleeping with all those different des and boosting (shoplifting) at Woodies. And I didn't think it would be bad for Jimmy to have some kind of man around," she says.
Indeed, social workers in the Southeast Washington community say that so many young black children become involved with drugs because there is no male authority figure present in the home.
"A lot of these parents (of children involved with drugs) are the unwed mothers of the '60s, and they are bringing up their children by trial and error," says Linda Gilbert, a social worker at Southeast Neighborhood House.
"The family structure is not there so they [the children] establish a relationship with their peers. If the peers are into drugs, it won't be very long before the kids are, too. . . . They don't view drugs as illegal, and if they are making money, too, then it's going to be OK in the eyes of an economically deprived community."
Addicts who have been feeding their habits for 35 years or more are not uncommon in Jimmy's world, and although medical experts say that there is an extremely high risk of his death from an overdose, it is not inconceivable that he will live to reach althood.
"He might already be close to getting a lethal dose," Dr. Dorynne Czechowisz of the National Institute on Drug Abuse says."Much of this depends on the amount he's getting and the frequency with which he's getting it. But I would hate to say that his early death is inevitable. If he were to get treatment, it probably isn't too late to help him. And assuming he doesn't OD before then, he could certainly grow into an addicted alt."
At the end of the evening of strange questions about his life, Jimmy slowly changes into a different child. The calm and self-assured little man recedes. cThe jittery and ill-behaved boy takes over as he begins going into withdrawal. tHe is twisting uncomfortably in his chair one minute, irritatingly raising and lowering a vinyl window blind the next.
"Be cool," Ron admonishes him, walking out of the room.
Jimmy picks up a green "Star Wars" force beam toy and begins flicking the light on and off.
Ron comes back into the living room, syringe in hand, and calls the little boy over to his chair: "Let me see your arm."
He grabs Jimmy's left arm just above the elbow, his massive hand tightly encircling the child's small limb. Theneedle slides into the boy's soft skin like a straw pushed into the center of a freshly baked cake. Liquid ebbs out of the syringe, replaced by bright red blood. The blood is then reinjected into the child.
Jimmy has closed his eyes ring the whole procere, but now he opens them, looking quickly around the room. He climbs into a rocking chair and sits, his head dipping and snapping upright again, in what addicts call "the nod."
"Pretty soon, man," Ron says, "you got to learn how to do this for yourself."

㈣ 誰能幫我翻譯下這段論文英文提要 急用 謝謝啦

the rapid socio-economic development of the market economy has become increasingly fierce. Similarly, the growing competition between the media of day. How competitive forest of the media come to the fore, the major media do our best to repeat a style all their own. Exclusive news, exclusive broke the news and so emerged. In this process, there is no lack of poor moral quality of the press, the concoction of false information in exchange for personal benefits. The emergence of false news, fully exposed the lower part of the professional ethics of journalists, the Marxist concept of indifference, the overall sense of responsibility, political awareness of the weak. It has also exposed the information management system of oversight.
False news media not only harm their own credibility and damaged the vital interests of the audience, returned to the object being reported great impact. Therefore, the proposed measures should be taken to combat false information to enhance the quality of ecation in journalistic ethics and self-discipline and perfect combination of news monitoring system to regulate the behavior of the media.

㈤ 急需一篇英語作文

do Ineternet bring us more confidence? the answer is negative. As the Internet and Internet media developed rapidly recent years, more and more people trust the news they get from the Internet which is considered as a standard of people's views,however,a survey of Internet news made by America recently proved that 45% of them is unbelievable.At the same time, half of troditional media's news accepted made people feel more reliable.
who should take the resposibility of the consequence,the Internet fans,the Internet itself or,some illegal action?
a large amout of message is passed by websites to attract Internet fans without checking and,some of the news we read is made by websites themselves.
At the same time,some media are running illegal news which is not belonged to their power.
the most important fact is tortuous act of news webs is becoming more and more serious.
According to the three points I have listed,the reason of news' problem facing us is becoming clearer,I think our society need a reform in news field or the problem will drug ourselves.

㈥ 英語新聞詞彙：「統計造假」用英文怎麼說

統計造假
用英語表達
翻譯如下:
1 Statistical fraud
2 False statistics

㈦ 求一段誠信的英文文章

這是第一個人回答的中文版本，參考一下。我是混兩分的

如今, 每個人都版一直面臨著太多不誠權實透過傳媒或在日常生活中. 學生考試作弊獲得高分. 會計師彌補虛假數據贏得股民的信任和尊重. 科學家甚至照搬別人的錢或物品,或發明抓住成名. 我們不禁要問自己:我們的社會有什麼不對? 走出風格是誠實? 要誠實,不會走出風格. 任何個人,誠實是前提,他可以在社會上有地位的成功. 在一方面, 那些認為誠信作為最重要的美德,並付諸實行,將予以重獎的長遠發展. 他們會後發覺它的含義到誠信才是生命. 在另一方面, 那些沙漠誠實即時利潤遲早會發現作弊打成不誠實, 和人民永遠不會再相信他們. 以上各點,已討論出一個不可否認的事實,老實說自付. 長期以來,誠實永遠是民族美德 這一切都應該學習和實踐的心很小心,因為"誠實是最好的政策"給出

㈧ 網路虛假信息泛濫的原因英文作文

21世紀是個以網際網路為紐帶的高度信么化的信.烏社會。不管人們願意與否，隨著網路時代的現實存在。網路文化作為對現實社會的反映的一種新型社會意識，已經悄然崛起並迢步滲透的社會生活的各個領域，並不可進免地與傳統文化發生了許許多多的摩擦。本文就網路文化的社會特徵淺談一下在這個新的時期里，如何利用傳統文化中精華部分之一—「誠信」，使之古為今用，繼續在社會中發揮重要的調節人際關系功能，以求有益於當今社會主義市場經濟條件下誠信制度的重建。
網路社會是個虛擬性、開放性、交互性很強的社會，正是由於它這樣的特點，使得原本人與人之間的交流跨越了時空的限制，更加具有隨意性，人們以網路交流就往往不必以真實面目出現。此時，一個嚴峻的間題擺在人們的面前，即如何解決這種虛假的世界與現實存在的真實世界之間的矛盾，防止現實社會也出現信任的空洞化。同時也防止不法分子利用網路為手段進行犯罪。這時，加強法制建設的同時構建一個完善的誠信體制更加成為迫切魚待解決的問題。只有這樣才能達到「德治」與「法治」的結合，從而標本皆治，真正實現一個信用的社會。
一、網路文化時代的社會特徵
「一種技術，當它在社會中普遍得到運用，並且這種運用成為人們日常生活的行為方式，就會促進社會的巨大變革並衍生為一種文化」[1]。20世紀末的計算機網路，不僅把人們帶進了21世紀，而且帶來了更高效的電子商務和「數字政府」，這觸發了現代傳統社會變革的開端，把人類社會帶入了一個新的生活環境。形成了我們通常所說的「網路文化」。網路文化作為一種社會意識形態，已經逐漸滲透到人們日常生活的各個方面，極大地影響著人們的生活習慣。並在各個角落與傳統的生活觀念發生了許許多多不可調和的沖突。為了解決好這些沖突，使人們更加適應現實的社會生活，我們就必須先來了解一下網路文化的特點。與傳統文化相比較，網路文化具有以下幾個特點。
第一，內容豐富1983年全球資料庫總量為1.3億條，1984年為10億條。其內容涉及政治、經濟、文化、科技、體育、影視、股票、音樂、衛生等應有盡有。大量網上信息為人們學習研究提供了豐富的資料，開拓了人們的視野，豐富了人們的生活。同時也難免會有很多多餘信息、污穢信息、盜版信息、虛假信息、失真信息、過時信息和錯誤信息藉助網際網路而廣為流傳，這加重了意識形態方面的社會間題，構成了嚴重危害人們身心健康的公害。美國卡內基梅隆大學的一個專家小組，花了18個月，調查了網上92萬條信息、圖片及影片，判定其中83.5%的內容帶有色情內容;電子公告牌儲存的數據圖像有4/5含有污穢內容。可見，在網路上，好壞東西並存，這就增加了網路文化的復雜性。
第二，傳播與更新迅速人類歷史上的各種文化都可以認為是緩慢發展的文化，更新的速度很慢，兩千年來文房四寶沒有多大改變。而網路文化則是高時效性文化，更新的速度很快。計算機網路將全社會緊密地聯結在一起，將地球縮小了，將時空拉近了，極大地加快了社會生活的節奏，實現了通信瞬時化、生產自動化，全面突出了一個「快」字，「無論人們在世界哪個角落，只要有一台計算機、一台數據機、一根電話線，就可以在互聯網上通過聲音、圖象把自己和他人連接，從而形成一個全球化的信息空間」[2]。這種傳播速度與傳播方式，使得人們可以盡快地知道世界各地的消息，但同時也為反動的、黃色的言論信息的傳播提供更為有效的平台。
第三，環境開放互聯網已經成為全球的一個開放系統，任何一個網點的漣漪都可能迅速波及全球，輻射至各個角落，其影響力、滲透了不可小，在網上，人們的性別意識、年齡意識、身份意識已經被淡化，網上交流表現出身份的虛擬性，交往的隱蔽性和神秘性;當不同民族、不同文化的網民用網路語言來交流時，增進了相互之間的了解，突破了民族、文化界限，賦予人們更大的國際性和包容性;網路「資源共享」的價值觀，使人們進入網路就可以超越社會制度、思想文化等種種局限而共享的國際信息。
第四，覆蓋面廣「截止1999年底，全球200多個國家和地區擁有1.2億網上用戶」，「CNN一IC的最新資料表明，目前我國國內上網的網民已經達到1790萬人而且人數增加速度加快，2003年上半年互聯網寬頻接入用戶以平均每月8%的速度增長，凈增658.3萬戶，總數達到1773.1萬戶①。隨著政府上網、企業上網、電子商務的浪潮一浪高過一浪，未來數年內網民將呈現幾何級數的增長。之中發展趨勢使得全球人們逐漸生活在同一張「網」中。人們之間信息的交流也更為寬廣。
第五，高度的虛擬性這使得網路文化呈現難以控制的趨勢。網路產生龐大而多樣的虛擬社群，給人以虛擬化的身份。人並不需要首先考慮現實社會標准化的准則，而是面對自己想要什麼(包括潛意識中想滿足什麼)。我們看一看BBS、網路聊天室的內容，看一看象」酷站」、」小資情調」、」虛擬性愛」這樣的欄目與文章就可知道它充分的個人化色彩，其虛擬的身份為其構成了一道天然的屏障。任何人在這里都可以不以自己真實的身份或者假扮異性進行交流、發言。這種虛擬性導致了許多問題的產生，一方面，無法對網路上的欺騙、反動行為進行即使有效的偵察。另一方面，高度的虛擬性使得長期沉浸於此的人容易產生性格障礙，甚至造成人們性別的心理錯位。
網路文化的上述特點決定了它是把「雙面刃」，一方面，它使得人們更迅速有效地得到想要信息，而且帶人們進入了一個「真正自由、開放的社會」。另一個方面，也正是它本身的特點，造成了某些消極的影響，導致了道德相對主義和無政府主義的泛濫。在網路中，一個人不需要承擔自己的義務和責任，因此可以濫用自己的權利，戴著虛假的面具可以為所欲為，而且這種虛假的話和虛假的消息一經發布，由於網路傳播速度的特點，容易造成現實生活的恐慌。在2003年的「非典」事情中，一條簡訊能以每小時20萬條的速度滾動，就是個典型的例子。在政府難以對網路形成行之有效的管理之時，就有必要在整個社會的范圍之內加強思想道德教育尤其是誠實守信的教育。此時，在整個社會里構建一套完善的誠信制度就急切地擺在人們的眼前了。
二、網路文化社會下構建誠信制度的必要性
針對上述網路社會的文化特點，我們怎麼樣才能揚長避短，積極利用網路的資源為人類服務的同時，有效的防範網路所帶來的消極因素呢對於這方面的問題，被廣泛認同並被實踐證明行之有效的是加強法制建設的同時，也加強道德的建設，實現「德」與「法」的相結合。其中，絕大多數人都著重強調了法律的作用，認為要完善信用制度的相關法律制度的建設，加強信用立法。同時，細化法律規定，使得立法上盡量覆蓋到日常生活的細節、執法上做到違法必究，執法必嚴。用法律的手段維護社會信用，嚴厲處置違信、失信行為，維護誠信原則和制度的權威與嚴肅性。當然了，我們並不否認法律在維護社會誠信原則和制度方面的權威性與重要性，而且我們也應該看到法律在這方面效果的迅速之處。但是，鑒於網路社會的特點，我們更應該立足於長遠的眼光，清醒地看到加強德育這方面的重要性，這是由於法律的弱點和網路社會的特點所決定的。首先，法律本身規定著「法無明文規定不為罪、法無明文規定不處罰」，而如上所說，網路社會的一大特點就是內容豐富，東西繁多;因此，想要詳細地對任何現實中的任何事情都做出規定是完全不可能的，也是沒必要的。這就使得不少人專門鑽這個空子，在網路做虛假的、甚至是違法的行為。這時候，就需要另外一種更為行之有效的東西—道德來約束了。
補充：
計算機網路數據交換技術的發展歷程，闡述數據交換每個發展階段的技術特點。著重對分組交換技術進行分析論述。
交換設備是人類信息交互中的重要實施，在相互通信中起著立交橋的作用。交換技術的發展總是依賴於人類的信息需求、傳送信息的格式和技術，以及控制技術的發展而螺旋型發展。從電話交換一直到當今數據交換、綜合業務數字交換，交換技術經歷了人工交換到自動交換的過程。人們對可視電話、可視圖文、圖象通信和多媒體等寬頻業務的需求，也將大大地推動非同步傳輸技術（ATM）和同步數字系列技術（SDH）及寬頻用戶接入網技術的不斷進步和廣泛應用。
從交換技術的發展歷史看，數據交換經歷了電路交換、報文交換、分組交換和綜合業務數字交換的發展過程。
一、電路交換
自1876年美國貝爾發明電話以來，隨著社會需求的增長和通信技術水平的不斷發展，電路交換技術從最初的人工接續方式，經歷了機電與電子式自動交換、存儲程序控制的模擬和數字交換、第三方可編程交換等技術的變革，當前正在發展中的融合多媒體格式相互通信的軟交換技術。
隨著電子技術，尤其是半導體技術的迅速發展，人們在交換機內引入電子技術，這類交換機稱作電子交換機。最初是在交換機的控制部分引入電子技術，話路部分仍採用機械接點，出現了「半電子交換機」、「准電子交換機」。只有在微電子技術和數字技術的進一步發展以後，才開始了全電子交換機的迅速發展。
1 9 4 6年第一台電子計算機的誕生，對交換技術的發展起了巨大的影響。在20世紀60年代後期，脈沖編碼調制(PCM)技術成功地應用在通信傳輸系統中，對通話質量和節約線路設備成本都產生了很大好處。隨著數字通信與P C M技術的迅速發展和廣泛應用，於是產生了將P C M信息直接交換的思想，各國開始研製程式控制數字交換機。1970年法國首先在拉尼翁(Lanion)成功地開通了世界上第一台程式控制數字交換系統，標志著交換技術從傳統的模擬交換進入到了數字交換時代。程式控制數字交換技術採用PCM數字傳輸和數字交換，非常適合信息數字化應用，除應用於普通電話通信以外，並且為開通用戶電報、數據傳送等非話業務提供了有利條件。目前在電信網中使用的電路交換機全部為程式控制數字交換機，可向用戶提供電路方式的固定電話業務、行動電話業務和窄帶ISDN業務。
二、報文交換
報文交換方式的數據傳輸單位是報文，報文就是站點一次性要發送的數據塊，其長度不限且可變。當一個站要發送報文時，它將一個目的地址附加到報文上，網路節點根據報文上的目的地址信息，把報文發送到下一個節點，一直逐個節點地轉送到目的節點。
每個節點在收到整個報文並檢查無誤後，就暫存這個報文，然後利用路由信息找出下一個節點的地址，再把整個報文傳送給下一個節點。因此，端與端之間無需先通過呼叫建立連接。報文在每個節點的延遲時間，等於接收報文所需的時間加上向下一個節點轉發所需的排隊延遲時間之和。
三、分組交換
分組交換是交換技術發展的重要成果，代表著網路未來演進的方向。分組交換方式兼有報文交換和線路交換的優點。分組交換技術使用統計復用，與電路交換相比大大提高了帶寬利用率。這要求在交換節點使用存儲轉發，從而導致掉隊現象的發生。因此，分組交換全引入不固定的延遲的概念。分組交換網路主要有面向連接和無連接兩種方式．分組網路包含3個功能面，分別是數據面、控制面和管理面。數據面負責分組轉發，因此需要高性能的實現。目前主要的分組交換網包括面向連接的X．25、幀中繼、ATM、MPLS以及無連接的乙太網、CP／IP網路。
分組交換網有兩種主要的形式：面向連接和無連接。對於分組交換技術來說，面向連接的網路與電路交換類似，也需要通過連接建立過程在交換機中分配資源；但由於它採用統計復用，所分配的資源是用邏輯標號來表示的。自分組交換技術出現以來，已經有多種分組交換網投人運行。電信領域最早提出的是X．2 5網路，但由於它協議復雜，速度有限，逐漸被性能更好的網路如幀中繼代替。幀中繼網路可以認為是X．2 5的改進版本，它簡化了協議以提高處理效率。
計算機領域的一個側重點是區域網，即小范圍、小規模的網路，用於互連辦公室內的計算機。目前乙太網已成為占統治地位的區域網技術。
在2 0世紀9 0年代中後期，網際網路獲得較大發展，規模持續擴大，對核心路由器吞吐量的要求也越來越高。由於路由器對I P分組進行轉發時路由表的查找比較復雜，轉發速度受到很大限制。前面指出，面向連接網路使用邏輯子信道標號進行轉發表查找，速度是很快的。人們結合ATM技術在這方面的優點，提出將核心網路改為使用類似於A T M的交換機，而只在邊緣網路使用路由器的I P交換技術，最終發展為多協議標記交換(MPlS)。然而，在隨後的幾年中，提出了多種實用的高速路由查找方法，使其不再成為瓶頸。此時，MPLS最大的優點就是流量工程(Tramc En小needng)能力，即人為控制分組流向。但是由於目前高速路由器還能夠很好地工作，MPLS技術並沒有被廣泛使用。
四、綜合業務數字交換
綜合業務數字網是集語音、數據、圖文傳真、可視電話等各種業務為一體的網路，適用於不同的帶寬要求和多樣的業務要求。非同步傳輸模式ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode)就是用於寬頻綜合業務數字網的一種交換技術。A T M是在分組交換基礎上發展起來的。它使用固定長度分組，並使用空閑信元來填充信道，從而使信道被等長的時間小段。由於光纖通信提供了低誤碼率的傳輸通道，因而流量控制和差錯控制便可移到用戶終端，網路只負責信息的交換和傳送，從而使傳輸時延減小。所以A T M適用於高速數據交換業務。
隨著通信技術和通信業務需求的發展，迫使電信網路必須向寬頻綜合業務數字網(B—ISDN)方向發展。這要求通信網路和交換設備既要容納非實時的數據業務，又要容納實時性的電話和電視信號業務，還要考慮到滿足突發性強、瞬時業務量大的要求，提高通信效率和經濟性。在這樣的通信業務條件下，傳統的電路交換和分組交換都不能夠勝任。電路交換的主要缺點是信道帶寬(速率)分配缺乏靈活性，以及在處理突發業務情況下效率低。而分組交換則由於處理操作帶來的時延而不適宜於實時通信。因此，在研究新的傳送模式時需要找出兩全的辦法，既能達到網路資源的充分利用，又能使各種通信業務獲得高質量的傳送水平。這種新的傳送模式就是後來出現的「非同步轉移模式」(ATM)。 轉

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㈩ 虛假的消息 用英語怎麼說必採納

fake news
其中fake的意思是虛假的、偽造的
news的意思是消息、新聞
如果說「一條虛假的消息」，就是a piece of fake news