醫療保險英語作文

1. 求一篇關於保險（Insurance）的英語文章

Please
tell
me
whether
I
need
to
purchase
a
foreign
student
policy.
告訴我是否我需要購買外國學生保險。
I'd
like
to
know
whether
basic
health
insurance
coverage
should
include
benefits
for
outpatient,
hospital,
surgery
and
medical
expenses.
我想知道基本健康保險所列的項目是否應包括醫院門診，回住院，手術及葯品答等費用的賠償。
Will
you
please
tell
me
where
I
can
purchase
health
insurance?
請告訴我在何處能買到健康保險？

2. 美英國醫療保險英文 短文

國醫療保險制

服務概況

英國的醫療制度屬於國家預算型醫療保險制度。英國醫療保險制度的主要特徵是國家保健服務制 (National Health System，NHS)。英國政府強調廣泛平等地享受醫療服務，政府主要通過稅收資助全國性醫療服務。英國的國家保健服務制的醫療保險模式分為兩大系統：社區衛生保健系統和醫院服務系統。社區衛生保健系統提供90%以上的初級醫療服務，只將不到10%的服務轉到醫院服務系統。社區保健系統包括全科醫療服務和社區護理兩個主要方面，所提供的醫療服務包括常見病的治療、健康教育、社會預防和家庭護理等等，而各種損傷、急性病等可直接去醫院就診。英國衛生部門雖然採取措施限制病人使用醫院服務，但醫院仍然是NHS經費的最大消費機構，每年70%的NHS經費用於醫院服務。 NHS經費主要是由國家投入。這種免費的國家保健制醫療制度有利於擴大醫療保健服務面，使人人都享有衛生保健，從這方面看，免費醫療制度對廣大民從是非常有利的。
籌資方式
英國在1948年通過並頒布了《國家衛生服務法》，醫療保險范圍擴大到全體公民，實施全民醫療保險制。這一制度又稱全民醫療服務（NHS），其醫療經費主要來源於中央財政收入，約佔全部國民保健費用的80%以上。其餘的由人們繳納的國民保險費、看病處方費、受益人為享受及時的較高檔次的醫療服務而支付的費用來彌補。籌資方式是現收現付式。
享受全民醫療服務的條件是，凡有職業工作的國民，每人每月交納工資的0．75%，僱主交納工資總額的0．6%，獨立勞動者和農民交納收入的1．35%作為醫療保健費，即可包括其家庭在內享受國家統一規定的免費醫療待遇。由於醫療費用上漲過猛，為遏制浪費，規定每張處方個人需交2．2英鎊的手續費，還有一些其他收費項目。
福利標准
（1）醫療保險制度組成內容。
英國的全民醫療服務，保證凡居住在英國的人，無須取得保險資格即可在免費或低費用的情況下享受相當完善的醫療保健服務。全民醫療服務由三部分構成，其一是醫院與社區保健服務，其二是家庭保健服務，其三是健康與雜務服務。這里佔主導地位的是第一項服務，1993－1994財政年度佔到全部醫療保健服務費用的68．6%。
（2）醫療保險享受標准。
A.根據國民保健法規定，所有的英國人都可以享受免費醫療。但是牙科手術、視力檢查和配眼鏡要收費，對醫生所開的每種葯都要付處方費。下列人可以免交處方費：產婦、哺乳期婦女、兒童、退休者、因醫療事故造成的病人、戰爭或因公傷殘津貼領取者以及低收入家庭。牙科門診檢查免費。牙科治療病人須負擔第一個英鎊的費用，但21歲以下在校學生、孕婦和哺乳期婦女可以免費。16-21歲的離校青年安裝假牙須付假牙費。兒童配眼鏡可以免費。
B.全民保健系統規定由醫師、護土、理療師、體療師、職業病醫生、語言障礙治療師和心理學醫師對老人、傷殘病人和精神病患者進行治療，並免費向他們提供假肢、假眼、助聽器、輪椅等醫療手段。重傷殘廢病人可以免費使用響鈴、無線電、電視、電話和取暖器等設備。
C.全民保健系統的服務內容還包括對學校衛生、家庭衛生、食品安全、葯物安全、環境衛生、衛生教育、防疫、毒品戒癮治療、墮胎、酒精中毒、私人醫療以及醫務人員的培養訓練等有關問題進行檢查、監督和管理。
（3）醫療費用支付方式。
英國全民保健項目由社會保障主管機構將醫療費直接付給提供服務的醫院和葯品供應者。患病的被保險人與醫院之間不發生直接的財務關系。這種免費醫療服務方式通常是由政府機關、企業或醫療保險主管機構，醫生與醫院或葯品供應者分別簽訂契約，按照服務項目、類別、承治人數等，規定相應的報酬或發給固定薪金，對於醫葯費用則按規定實報實銷。英國的醫療服務對象是全體英國公民，不參加社會保險的只享有醫療權，但無權領取現金補償。
管理
全民保健法的實施由政府衛生部負責管理。英國全國各地分設100多個地區衛生管理局和委員會，負責管理國民保健的具體實施。每個區設有一個總醫院，並設有普通醫院、診療所、衛生中心、精神病院、傳染病院、婦產醫院、結核病醫院等專科醫院。目前英國國民保健系統共擁有2700所醫院，37000多名醫務人員（其中醫師約14000名），415700名護理與接生人員和約50萬張病床。此外，還有27000名私人開業醫生、949名眼科醫生和約15500名牙科醫生與衛生管理當局訂有合同，為國民保健系統服務。全國還有約10670個零售葯店與衛生管理當局訂有合同，負責國民保健處方的配葯。
1998年，英國養老基金資產中52%為國內股票(美國為53%，法國和德國為10%)，18%為國外資產(美國為11%，法國5%和德國為7%)，其它為債券、現金和實業資產。職業年金和個人養老金計劃的壯大促進了金融市場的發展，以養老基金的資產佔GDP的比重來看，1997年英國養老基金的資產占 GDP的比重達74.7%，同期美國為58.2%，法國5.6%，德國5.8%，義大利3.0%。

3. 求一篇英語作文200字左右，內容是國家對於醫保問題你覺得是實行國家支付還是個人支付，表明自己觀點，

如何找到一份好工作想做什麼，首先問五個問題：我要去哪裡？我在哪裡？我有什麼？我的差距在哪裡？我要怎麼做？

以上五個問題涵蓋了目標、定位、條件、距離、計劃等諸多方面，只要在以上幾個關鍵點上加以細化和精心設計，把自身因素和社會條件做到最大程度的契合，對實施過程加以控制，並能夠在現實生活中知曉趨利避害，使職業生涯規劃更具有實際意義。

做好職業定位 定位是自我定位和社會定位的統一，只有在了解自己和職業的基礎上才能夠給自己做准確定位。
檢視個人特質：
（一）慾望(Desires)) （做事的能力）在此人生階段 ，你究竟要什麼？
（二）能力(Ability) 你擅長什麼？（一般技術以及特別技術）
（三）性格特質（氣質、性質） (Temperament) （氣質、性質）你是什麼類型的人？在何種情況下有最佳表現？
（四）資產(Assets) （有形與無形）你有什麼比別人占優勢的地方？

每個人群都需要定位，其目的是保證自己持續地發展。但是各個群體定位的重點不同：定位重點在於澄清自己有什麼。過高或者過低估價自己，過於看重自己的文憑，或者看重自己的成績，有的過於低估自己身上的潛質，所以，既需要認真地分析自己，又需要多了解社會需求，以求定位準確。在大多數情況下，正確的思路是，做你應該做的事，而不是做你喜歡做的事
找工作同做其它事情一樣，也有方法和技巧。很多人找不到工作並不是因為他們沒有做事的能力，而是因為他們在找工作過程中沒有運用正確的方法和一定的技巧。所謂技巧，主要包括三個方面的內容：
⑴．了解自己，包括了解自己的知識、技能、性格、愛好以及身體狀況等。找工作之前，你必須先對自己有全面的認識，一定得知道自己能做那方面的工作，不適合做哪方面的工作。找工作不能眼高手低，明明自己沒有能力做的工作卻偏要做，那結果一定是被拒之門外的。
⑵．了解你所選擇的職業和行業。了解職業崗位的工作內容、工作性質和對從業者素質的要求。可以向親朋好友中做過相關工作的人了解有關情況，也可以向從事這方面工作的其他人請教，他們經驗豐富，體會深刻，能給你提供具有指導意義的信息，他們工作過程中的失敗教訓，對你可以起到預防的作用，而他們的成功經驗又是你可以借鑒的。
⑶．自我推薦。在了解自己和工作的基礎上，就開始求職了。求職就是尋找和得到工作的過程，通常包括獲得用人的信息、爭取面試、談話、簽約等環節。找工作就像推銷商品一樣，要讓顧客買你的產品，你必須告訴對方，你的商品質量如何的高，價格怎樣公道，才能吸引人們來買這種商品。同樣，找工作時也要圍繞著「我真正有能力做好這份工作，而我提出的要求也是十分合理的」這樣一個中心來展開。一定要學會推銷自己，這樣別人才會認可和錄用你

最後祝早日找到稱心的工作開始美麗人生~~

4. 翻譯為英語，求大神幫助，謝謝 本文根據醫療保險的相關模式,進一步研究了中國的社會醫療保險模式，匯總

本文根據醫抄療保險的相關模式襲,進一步研究了中國的社會醫療保險模式，匯總了當代社會醫療保險制度的都相關知識，並指出我國社會醫療的主要問題及目前改革現狀。
英文：According to the relevant medical insurance model, further study China the social medical insurance model are summary of the related knowledge of contemporary social medical insurance system, and points out the main problems of China's social health and the current reform situation.

5. 求保險學英文作文4篇

保險學

保險學是一門研究保險及保險相關事物運動規律的經濟學科。保險涉及的領域是多元化的，包括金融學、法學、醫學、數學、經濟學以及自然科學等內容。保險學的產生與發展,是一個不斷變化,不斷升華的過程,從保險法學到保險數學,從綜合保險學到微觀保險學,總體保險學,保險學逐漸成為一門相對獨立的學科, 其研究對象是保險商品關系。作為保險學研究對象的保險商品關系是指保險當事人雙方之間遵循商品等價交換原則,通過簽訂保險合同的法律形式確立雙方的權利與義務,實現保險商品的經濟補償功能。在保險商品關系中,一方當事人按照合同的規定向另一方繳納一定數額的費用,另一方當事人按照合同的規定承擔經濟補償責任,即當發生保險事故或出現約定事件時,保險人按照合同規定的責任范圍,對對方的經濟損失進行補償或給付,以保障對方的生產或生活的正常運行。保險商品關系既是一種經濟關系,又是一種法律關系。保險商品關系的具體內容主要體現在以下四個層面: 第一,保險當事人之間的關系。第二,保險當事人與保險中介人之間的關系 。第三,保險企業之間的關系 。第四,國家對保險業實施監管而形成的管理與被管理的關系 。

保險學的四個獨特方面：
1、多屬性。指保險學是一門社會科學和自然科學相互交叉的綜合管理科學，所研究的內容既有屬於社會科學的，也有屬於自然科學的。 2、廣泛性。廣泛性是指保險學所研究的內容，涉及面非常廣泛。因為保險的對象具有廣泛性，社會生產的各個環節、各行各業都需要保險；保險工作人員要與各種自然災害和意外事故打交道，還要配合各部門搞好防災防損工作 。 3、法律性。保險合同的訂立和履行，都以民法和合同法為依據，涉外的保險業務還與國際私法、國際商法和海商法有著密切關系。 4、實踐性。保險學主要是一門應用學科。

insurance policy保險學
In insurance, the insurance policy is a contract (generally a standard form contract) between the insurer and the insured, known as the policyholder, which determines the claims which the insurer is legally required to pay. In exchange for payment, known as the premium, the insurer pays for damages to the insured which are caused by covered perils under the policy language. Insurance contracts are designed to meet specific needs and thus have many features not found in many other types of contracts. Since insurance policies are standard forms, they feature boilerplate language which is similar across a wide variety of different types of insurance policies.
The insurance policy is generally an integrated contract, meaning that it includes all forms associated with the agreement between the insured and insurer.[1]:10 In some cases, however, supplementary writings such as letters sent after the final agreement can make the insurance policy a non-integrated contract.[1]:11 One insurance textbook states that "courts consider all prior negotiations or agreements ... every contractual term in the policy at the time of delivery, as well as those written afterwards as policy riders and endorsements ... with both parties' consent, are part of written policy".[2] The textbook also states that the policy must refer to all papers which are part of the policy.[2] Oral agreements are subject to the parol evidence rule, and may not be considered part of the policy. Advertising materials and circulars are typically not part of a policy.[2] Oral contracts pending the issuance of a written policy can occur.[2]

人身保險

人身保險是以人的壽命和身體為保險標的的保險。當人們遭受不幸事故或因疾病、年老以致喪失工作能力、傷殘、死亡或年老退休時，根據保險合同的約定，保險人對被保險人或受益人給付保險金或年金，以解決其因病、殘、老、死所造成的經濟困難。
人身保險是以人的壽命和身體為保險標的的保險。人身保險的投保人按照保單約定向保險人繳納保險費，當被保險人在合同期限內發生死亡、傷殘、疾病等保險事故或達到人身保險合同約定的年齡、期限時，由保險人依照合同約定承擔給付保險金的責任。人身保險分為人壽保險、健康保險和人身意外傷害保險。
傳統人身保險的產品種類繁多，但按照保障范圍可以劃分為人壽保險、人身意外傷害保險和健康保險。 而人壽保險又可分為定期壽險、兩全保險、年金保險、疾病保險等，健康保險則又可分為疾病保險、醫療保險、失能收入損失保險、護理保險等。 其中，年金保險因其在保險金的給付上採用每年定期支付的形式而得名，實際操作中年金保險還有每季度給付、每月給付等多種形式。養老年金保險可以為被保險人提供老年生活所需的資金，教育年金保險則可以為子女教育提供必要的經費支持。 同時，消費者可能會在人身意外傷害保險和定期壽險的選擇上難以抉擇，其實兩者還是有較大不同的。首先意外傷害保險承保因意外傷害而導致的身故，不承保因疾病而導致的身故，而這兩種原因導致的身故都屬於定期壽險的保險責任范圍。其次，意外傷害保險承保因意外傷害導致的殘疾，並依照不同的殘疾程度給付保險金。定期壽險有的不包含殘疾給付責任，有的雖然包含殘疾責任，但僅包括《人身保險殘疾程度與保險給付比例表》中的最嚴重的一級殘疾。最後，意外傷害保險一般保險期間較短，多為一年及一年期以下，而定期壽險則一般保險期間較長，可以為五年、十年、二十年甚至更長時間。
以上幾種傳統人身保險，均為純保障類型。而隨著經濟的發展，資本市場化程度的日益提高，近幾年在國內投資市場上又出現了將保障和投資融於一體的新型投資型險種，主要包括分紅型、萬能型、投資連結型等三種類型。

Life insurance人身保險

Life insurance or life assurance is a contract between the policy owner and the insurer, where the insurer agrees to pay a designated beneficiary a sum of money upon the occurrence of the insured indivial's or indivials' death or other event, such as terminal illness or critical illness. In return, the policy owner agrees to pay a stipulated amount at regular intervals or in lump sums. There may be designs in some countries where bills and death expenses plus catering for after funeral expenses should be included in Policy Premium. In the United States, the predominant form simply specifies a lump sum to be paid on the insured's demise.

As with most insurance policies, life insurance is a contract between the insurer and the policy owner whereby a benefit is paid to the designated beneficiaries if an insured event occurs which is covered by the policy.

The value for the policyholder is derived, not from an actual claim event, rather it is the value derived from the 'peace of mind' experienced by the policyholder, e to the negating of adverse financial consequences caused by the death of the Life Assured.

To be a life policy the insured event must be based upon the lives of the people named in the policy.

Life policies are legal contracts and the terms of the contract describe the limitations of the insured events. Specific exclusions are often written into the contract to limit the liability of the insurer; for example claims relating to suicide, fraud, war, riot and civil commotion.

Life-based contracts tend to fall into two major categories:

Protection policies - designed to provide a benefit in the event of specified event, typically a lump sum payment. A common form of this design is term insurance.
Investment policies - where the main objective is to facilitate the growth of capital by regular or single premiums. Common forms (in the US anyway) are whole life, universal life and variable life policies.

年金

年金，是定期或不定期的時間內一系列的現金流入或流出。年金額是指每次發生收支的金額。年金期間是指相鄰兩次年金額間隔時間，年金時期是指整個年金收支的持續期，一般有若干個期間。參與年金計劃是一種很好的投資安排，而提供年金合同的金融機構一般為保險公司和國庫券等，比如你購買養老保險，其實就是參與年金合同。年金終值包括各年存入的本金相加以及各年存入的本金所產生的利息，但是，由於這些本金存入的時間不同，所以所產生的利息也不相同。

年金按其每次收付款項發生的時點不同，可以分為普通年金（後付年金）、即付年金（先付年金，預付年金）、遞延年金(延期年金)、永續年金等類型。 1、普通年金 普通年金是指從第一期起，在一定時期內每期期末等額收付的系列款項，又稱為後付年金。 2、即付年金 即付年金是指從第一期起，在一定時期內每期期初等額收付的系列款項，又稱先付年金。即付年金與普通年金的區別僅在於付款時間的不同。 3、遞延年金 遞延年金是指第一次收付款發生時間與第一期無關，而是隔若干期（m）後才開始發生的系列等額收付款項。它是普通年金的特殊形式。 4、永續年金 永續年金是指無限期等額收付的特種年金。它是普通年金的特殊形式，即期限趨於無窮的普通年金。

Annuity

An annuity is an investment vehicle sold primarily by insurance companies. Several types of annuities exist. Every annuity has two basic properties: whether the payout is immediate or deferred, and whether the returns are fixed (guaranteed) or variable. An annuity with immediate payout begins payments to the investor immediately after it is purchased, while deferred payout means that the investor will receive payments at some later date. An annuity with a fixed return offers a guaranteed return by investing in low-risk securities like government bonds, and is commonly known as a fixed annuity. An annuity with a variable return offers results that vary with the performance of the funds (called sub-accounts) where the money is invested, for example stocks. This article discusses fixed and variable annuities, and gives a list of sources for additional information about annuities.
Fixed Annuities
The basic premise of a fixed annuity is that you give a sum of money to an insurance company, and in exchange they promise to pay you a fixed monthly amount for a certain period of time. In the case of a single premium immediate annuity (SPIA), the payments begin at a date of your choice, for example at your retirement. So these vehicles can be used as tax-deferred investments, or can be seen as a way to convert a lump sum into an income stream.
Variable Annuities
A variable annuity is essentially an insurance contract joined at the hip with an investment proct. Annuities function as tax-deferred savings vehicles with insurance-like properties; they use an insurance policy to provide the tax deferral. The insurance contract and investment proct combine to offer the following features:
1. Tax deferral on earnings.
2. Ability to name beneficiaries to receive the balance remaining in the account on death.
3. "Annuitization"--that is, the ability to receive payments for life based on your life expectancy.
4. The guarantees provided in the insurance component.
A variable annuity invests in stocks or bonds, has no predetermined rate of return, and offers a possibly higher rate of return when compared to a fixed annuity. The remainder of this article focuses on variable annuites.

風險管理
險管理是指如何在一個肯定有風險的環境里把風險減至最低的管理過程。當中包括了對風險的量度、評估和應變策略。理想的風險管理，是一連串排好優先次序的過程，使當中的可以引致最大損失及最可能發生的事情優先處理、而相對風險較低的事情則押後處理。 但現實情況里，這優化的過程往往很難決定，因為風險和發生的可能性通常並不一致，所以要權衡兩者的比重，以便作出最合適的決定。 風險管理亦要面對有效資源運用的難題。這牽涉到機會成本(opportunity cost)的因素。把資源用於風險管理，可能使能運用於有回報活動的資源減低；而理想的風險管理，正希望能夠花最少的資源去去盡可能化解最大的危機。 「風險管理」曾經在1990年代西方商業界前往中國進行投資的行政人員必修科目。當年不少MBA課程都額外加入「風險管理」的環節。
在降低風險的收益與成本之間進行權衡並決定採取何種措施的過程。 確定減少的成本收益權衡方案（trade-off)和決定採取的行動計劃（包括決定不採取任何行動）的過程成為風險管理。 首先，風險管理必須識別風險。風險識別是確定何種風險可能會對企業產生影響，最重要的是量化不確定性的程度和每個風險可能造成損失的程度。 其次，風險管理要著眼於風險控制，公司通常採用積極的措施來控制風險。通過降低其損失發生的概率

6. 英文單詞：中國醫保和西方醫保

總的醫療保障叫：health care system，也叫medical care或health care

它包括medical insurance醫療保險，就是自己出錢讓保險公司為你報銷，和政內府無關。容

另一個醫療保障類型是medicaid也即醫療補助，必須有專門的資格才能申請，比如老兵、殘疾人等

想了解美國的醫療體系和改革，建議你看看：http://insurance.jrj.com.cn/2009/12/0814256601484.shtml

7. 求關於醫保的英語作文

又是論文

8. 「五險一金」的英文翻譯

一、「五險」的英文翻譯

1、養老保險（ insurance）；

2、醫療保險（medical insurance）；

3、失業保險（unemployment insurance）；

4、工傷保險（employment injury insurance）；

5、生育保險（maternity insurance）。

二、「一金」的英文翻譯

住房公積金（Housing Provident Fund）。

(8)醫療保險英語作文擴展閱讀

五險一金的辦理

(1)社保、公積金開戶

企業需要在成立之日起三十日內去社保局及公積金中心辦理社保、公積金開戶。社保開戶後會拿到《社保登記證》，公積金開戶後會取得單位公積金登記號。

(2)增減員

單位每月都必須把企業新增的員工添加進單位的五險一金賬戶中，並把已經離職的員工從賬戶中刪除。社保、公積金賬戶為兩個獨立的賬戶，增減員工的操作在兩個賬戶中都必須進行。

(3)確認繳費基數

單位每月需要為員工申報正確的五險一金繳費基數，以確保五險一金的正常繳納。五險一金的繳費基數以員工上年度平均工資或入職首月工資為准。

(4)五險一金繳費

如果企業、銀行、社保/公積金管理機構三方簽訂了銀行代繳協議，則五險一金費用將在每月固定時間從企業銀行賬戶中直接扣除。當然企業也可以選擇通過現金或者支票的形式前往五險一金管理機構現場繳費。

9. 醫療保險英文文獻、資料

http://www.pitt.e/~super1/lecture/lec19571/index.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance

Health insurance
Health insurance works by estimating the overall risk of healthcare expenses and developing a routine finance structure (such as a monthly premium or annual tax) that will ensure that money is available to pay for the healthcare benefits specified in the insurance agreement. The benefit is administered by a central organization, most often either a government agency or a private or not-for-profit entity operating a health plan.

How it works
A Health insurance policy is a contract between an insurance company and an indivial. The contract can be renewable annually or monthly. The type and amount of health care costs that will be covered by the health plan are specified in advance, in the member contract or Evidence of Coverage booklet. The indivial policy-holder's payment obligations may take several forms[7]:

Premium: The amount the policy-holder pays to the health plan each month to purchase health coverage.
Dectible: The amount that the policy-holder must pay out-of-pocket before the health plan pays its share. For example, a policy-holder might have to pay a $500 dectible per year, before any of their health care is covered by the health plan. It may take several doctor's visits or prescription refills before the policy-holder reaches the dectible and the health plan starts to pay for care.
Copayment: The amount that the policy-holder must pay out of pocket before the health plan pays for a particular visit or service. For example, a policy-holder might pay a $45 copayment for a doctor's visit, or to obtain a prescription. A copayment must be paid each time a particular service is obtained.
Coinsurance: Instead of paying a fixed amount up front (a copayment), the policy-holder must pay a percentage of the total cost. For example, the member might have to pay 20% of the cost of a surgery, while the health plan pays the other 80%. Because there is no upper limit on coinsurance, the policy-holder can end up owing very little, or a significant amount, depending on the actual costs of the services they obtain.
Exclusions: Not all services are covered. The policy-holder is generally expected to pay the full cost of non-covered services out of their own pocket.
Coverage limits: Some health plans only pay for health care up to a certain dollar amount. The policy-holder may be expected to pay any charges in excess of the health plan's maximum payment for a specific service. In addition, some plans have annual or lifetime coverage maximums. In these cases, the health plan will stop payment when they reach the benefit maximum, and the policy-holder must pay all remaining costs.
Out-of-pocket maximums: Similar to coverage limits, except that in this case, the member's payment obligation ends when they reach the out-of-pocket maximum, and the health plan pays all further covered costs. Out-of-pocket maximums can be limited to a specific benefit category (such as prescription drugs) or can apply to all coverage provided ring a specific benefit year.
Capitation: An amount paid by an insurer to a health care provider, for which the provider agrees to treat all members of the insurer.
In-Network Provider: A health care provider on a list of providers preselected by the insurer. The insurer will offer discounted coinsurance or copayments, or additional benefits, to a plan member to see an in-network provider. Generally, providers in network are providers who have a contract with the insurer to accept rates further discounted from the "usual and customary" charges the insurer pays to out-of-network providers.
Prescription drug plans are a form of insurance offered through some employer benefit plans in the US, where the patient pays a copayment and the prescription drug insurance part or all of the balance for drugs covered in the formulary of the plan.

Some, if not most, health care providers in the United States will agree to bill the insurance company if patients are willing to sign an agreement that they will be responsible for the amount that the insurance company doesn't pay. The insurance company pays out of network providers according to "reasonable and customary" charges, which may be less than the provider's usual fee. The provider may also have a separate contract with the insurer to accept what amounts to a discounted rate or capitation to the provider's standard charges. It generally costs the patient less to use an in-network provider.

Health plan vs. health insurance
Historically, HMOs tended to use the term "health plan", while commercial insurance companies used the term "health insurance". A health plan can also refer to a subscription-based medical care arrangement offered through health maintenance organization, HMO, PPO, or POS plan. These plans are similar to pre-paid dental, pre-paid legal, and pre-paid vision plans. Pre-paid health plans typically pay for a fixed number of services (for instance, $300 in preventive care, a certain number of days of hospice care or care in a skilled nursing facility, a fixed number of home health visits, a fixed number of spinal manipulation charges, etc.) The services offered are usually at the discretion of a utilization review nurse who is often contracted through the managed care entity providing the subscription health plan. This determination may be made either prior to or after hospital admission (concurrent utilization review).

[edit] Inherent problems with insurance
Insurance systems must typically deal with two inherent challenges: adverse selection, which affects any voluntary system, and ex-post moral hazard, which affects any insurance system in which a third party bears major responsibility for payment, whether that is an employer or the government. Some national systems with compulsory insurance utilize systems such as risk equalization and community rating to overcome these inherent problems.

[edit] Adverse selection
Insurance companies use the term "adverse selection" to describe the tendency for only those who will benefit from insurance to buy it. Specifically when talking about health insurance, unhealthy people are more likely to purchase health insurance because they anticipate large medical bills. On the other side, people who consider themselves to be reasonably healthy may decide that medical insurance is an unnecessary expense; if they see the doctor once a year and it costs $250, that's much better than making monthly insurance payments of $40. (example figures).

The fundamental concept of insurance is that it balances costs across a large, random sample of indivials (see risk pool). For instance, an insurance company has a pool of 1000 randomly selected subscribers, each paying $100 per month. One person becomes very ill while the others stay healthy, allowing the insurance company to use the money paid by the healthy people to pay for the treatment costs of the sick person. However, when the pool is self-selecting rather than random, as is the case with indivials seeking to purchase health insurance directly, adverse selection is a greater concern.[8] A disproportionate share of health care spending is attributable to indivials with high health care costs. In the US the 1% of the population with the highest spending accounted for 27% of aggregate health care spending in 1996. The highest-spending 5% of the population accounted for more than half of all spending. These patterns were stable through the 1970s and 1980s, and some data suggest that they may have been typical of the mid-to-early 20th century as well.[9][10] A few indivials have extremely high medical expenses, in extreme cases totaling a half million dollars or more.[11] Adverse selection could leave an insurance company with primarily sick subscribers and no way to balance out the cost of their medical expenses with a large number of healthy subscribers.

Because of adverse selection, insurance companies employ medical underwriting, using a patient's medical history to screen out those whose pre-existing medical conditions pose too great a risk for the risk pool. Before buying health insurance, a person typically fills out a comprehensive medical history form that asks whether the person smokes, how much the person weighs, whether the person has been treated for any of a long list of diseases and so on. In general, those who present large financial burdens are denied coverage or charged high premiums to compensate.[12] One large US instry survey found that roughly 13 percent of applicants for comprehensive, indivially purchased health insurance who went through the medical underwriting in 2004 were denied coverage. Declination rates increased significantly with age, rising from 5 percent for indivials 18 and under to just under a third for indivials aged 60 to 64.[13] Among those who were offered coverage, the study found that 76% received offers at standard premium rates, and 22% were offered higher rates.[14] On the other side, applicants can get discounts if they do not smoke and are healthy.[15]

Health insurance in Canada
Most health insurance in Canada is administered by each province, under the Canada Health Act, which requires all people to have free access to basic health services. Collectively, the public provincial health insurance systems in Canada are frequently referred to as Medicare. Private health insurance is allowed, but the provincial governments allow it only for services that the public health plans do not cover; for example, semi-private or private rooms in hospitals and prescription drug plans. Canadians are free to use private insurance for elective medical services such as laser vision correction surgery, cosmetic surgery, and other non-basic medical proceres. Some 65% of Canadians have some form of supplementary private health insurance; many of them receive it through their employers.[17] Private-sector services not paid for by the government account for nearly 30 percent of total health care spending.[18]

In 2005, the Supreme Court of Quebec ruled, in Chaoulli v. Quebec, that the province's prohibition on private insurance for health care already insured by the provincial plan could constitute an infringement of the right to life and security if there were long wait times for treatment as happened in this case. Certain other provinces have legislation which financially discourages but does not forbid private health insurance in areas covered by the public plans. The ruling has not changed the overall pattern of health insurance across Canada but has spurred on attempts to tackle the core issues of supply and demand and the impact of wait times.[19]

Health insurance in the Netherlands
In the Netherlands in 2006, a new system of health insurance came into force. All insurance companies have to provide at least one policy which meets a government set minimum standard level of cover and all alt residents are obliged by law to purchase this cover from an insurance company of their choice.

The new system avoids the two pitfalls of adverse selection and moral hazard associated with traditional forms of health insurance.

In the Dutch system, insurance companies are compensated for taking on high risk indivials because they receive extra funding for them. This funding comes from an insurance equalization pool run by a regulator which collects salary based contributions from employers (about 45% of all health care funding) and funding from the government for people whose means are such that they cannot afford health care (about 5% of all funding). Thus insurance companies find that insuring high risk indivials becomes an attractive proposition. All insurance companies receive from the pool, but those with more high risk indivials will receive more from the fund. The remaining 45% of health care funding comes from insurance premiums paid by the public. Insurance companies compete for this money on price alone. The insurance companies are not allowed to set down any co-payments or caps or dectibles. Neither are they allowed to deny coverage to any person applying for a policy or charge anything other than their nationally set and internet published standard policy premiums. Every person buying insurance from that company will pay the same price as everyone else buying that policy. And every person will get the minimum level of coverage. Children under 18 are insured for free (the funding coming from the equalization pool).

In addition to this minimum level, companies are free to sell extra insurance for additional coverage over the national minimum, but extra risks for this are not covered from the insurance pool and must therefore be priced accordingly.

Health insurance in the United Kingdom
Main article: National Health Service
Great Britain's National Health Service (NHS) is a publicly funded healthcare system that provides coverage to everyone normally resident in the UK. The NHS provides the majority of health care in England, including primary care, in-patient care, long-term health care, ophthalmology and dentistry. Private health care has continued parallel to the NHS, paid for largely by private insurance, but it is used by less than 8% of the population, and generally as a top-up to NHS services. Recently the private sector has been increasingly used to increase NHS capacity despite a large proportion of the British public opposing such involvement.[20]. According to the World Health Organization, government funding covered 86% of overall health care expenditures in the UK as of 2004, with private expenditures covering the remaining 14%.[21] The costs of running the NHS (est. £104 billion in 2007-8)[22] are met directly from general taxation.

The National Health Service Act 1946 came into effect on 5 July 1948. The UK government department responsible for the NHS is the Department of Health, headed by a Secretary of State for Health (Health Secretary), who sits in the British Cabinet. The NHS is the world's largest health service, and the world's third largest employer[23] after the Chinese army and the Indian railways.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service

Health insurance in the United States

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance

http://www.ahip.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States

http://www.google.com.sg/search?hl=en&q=health+insurance+in+England&meta=

http://www.google.com.sg/search?hl=en&q=health+insurance+in+India&meta=

10. 英語作文。農村醫療保險對農民的好處

我一個農村人 農村醫療保險對農民還是不錯的 最起碼我們能看的起病了 但是相對來說也是有弊端的 因為農村醫療所得待遇問題 導致一些小病都要看很久