㈠ 關於汽車尾氣污染的英語作文
our lives.Chinese, for example, have to cut down on the number of their total cars.They are encouraged to use bicycles, which are thought to help keep the air clean.
But this change does not come easily. A large number of workers may find themselves without jobs if a car factory cioses down. Thus the problem of air pollution would become less important than that of unemployment. Although cars have led us to a better life, they have also brought us new problems.
望採納
㈡ 減少汽車尾氣排放量這句英文這么寫
rece vehicle emissions可以在GOOgle字典中查到哦~!
㈢ 誰知道汽車尾氣排放的英文是什麼嗎
尾氣排放： exhaustemission 汽車尾氣排放： motor vehicle exhaust 減少尾氣排放： Cut your emissions
㈣ 汽車排放的尾氣給環境造成大量污染,的英文
Exhaust gas from cars causes serious pollution of the environment.
㈤ 汽車尾氣的危害與治理的英文資料還要翻譯好的
http://www.epa.gov/oms/consumer/05-autos.pdf
http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1707379
Automobile emissions control covers all the technologies that are employed to rece the air pollution-causing emissions proced by automobiles. Exhaust emissions control systems were first required on 1966 model year vehicles proced for sale in the state of California, followed by the United States as a whole in model year 1968. the overall rection in pollution has been much slower. The emissions proced by a vehicle fall into three basic categories:
Tailpipe emissions: This is what most people think of when they think of vehicle air pollution; the procts of burning fuel in the vehicle's engine, emitted from the vehicle's exhaust system. The major pollutants emitted include:
Hydrocarbons: this class is made up of unburned or partially burned fuel, and is a major contributor to urban smog, as well as being toxic. They can cause liver damage and even cancer.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx): These are generated when nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen under the high temperature and pressure conditions inside the engine. NOx emissions contribute to both smog and acid rain.
Carbon monoxide (CO): a proct of incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide reces the blood's ability to carry oxygen and is dangerous to people with heart disease.
Carbon dioxide (CO2): Emissions of carbon dioxide are an increasing concern as its role in global warming as a greenhouse gas has become more apparent.
Particulates. Particle of micron size.
Sulphur oxide (SOx) General term for oxides of sulphur, mostly sulfur dioxide and some sulfur trioxide, from coal or unrefined oil.
Tailpipe emissions control
Tailpipe emissions control can be categorised into three parts:
Increasing engine efficiency
Increasing vehicle efficiency
Cleaning up the emissions
Increasing engine efficiency
Engine efficiency has been graally improved with progress in following technologies:
Electronic ignition
Fuel injection systems
Electronic control unit
Increasing vehicle efficiency
Contributions to the goal of recing fuel consumption and related emissions come from
lightweight vehicle design
minimized air resistance
reced rolling resistance
improved powertrain efficiency
increasing spark to the spark plug (this topic should be under the ignition system)
regenerative braking
Each of these items breaks down into a number of factors.
Increasing driving efficiency
Significant rection of emissions come from
driving technique (some 10-30% rection)
unobstructed traffic conditions
cruising at an optimum speed for the vehicle
recing the number of cold starts
Cleaning up the emissions
Advances in engine and vehicle technology continually rece the amount of pollutants generated, but this is generally considered insufficient to meet emissions goals. Therefore, technologies to react with and clean up the remaining emissions have long been an essential part of emissions control.
Air injection
A very early emissions control system, the Air injection reactor (AIR) reces the procts of incomplete combustion (hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide) by injecting fresh air into the exhaust manifolds of the engine. In the presence of this oxygen-laden air, further combustion occurs in the manifold and exhaust pipe. Generally the air is delivered through an engine-driven 'smog pump' and air tubing to the manifolds.
Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Many engines proced after the 1973 model year have an exhaust gas recirculation valve between the exhaust and intake manifolds; its sole purpose is to rece NOx emissions by introcing exhaust gases into the air/fuel mixture, lowering peak combustion temperatures.
Catalytic converters
The catalytic converter is a device, placed in the exhaust pipe, which converts various emissions into less harmful ones using, generally, a combination of platinum, palladium and rhodium as catalysts.They make for a significant, and easily applied, method for recing tailpipe emissions. The lead emissions were highly damaging to human health, and its virtual elimination has been one of the most successful rections in air pollution.
Evaporative emissions control
Efforts at the rection of evaporative emissions include the capturing of vented vapors from within the vehicle, and the rection of refuelling emissions.
Capturing vented vapors
Within the vehicle, vapors from the fuel tank are channelled through canisters containing activated carbon instead of being vented to the atmosphere. These are known as carbon canisters. The vapors are adsorbed within the canister, which feeds into the inlet manifold of the engine.
Emission Testing
In 1966, the first emission test cycle was enacted in the State of California measuring tailpipe emissions in PPM (parts per million). The Environmental Working Group used California ASM emissions data to create an Auto Asthma Index that rates vehicle models based on emissions of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, the chemicals that create smog.
Some cities are also using a technology developed by Dr. Stedman,of University of Denver which uses lasers to detect emissions while vehicles pass by on public roads, thus eliminating the need for owners to go to a test center. Stedman's laser detection of exhaust gases is commonly used in metropolitan areas.
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Emission control systems in automotive applications can trace their beginnings to the smoggy skies that were noted over the city of Los Angeles after the end of World War II. There were of course cars before the war and air pollution problems as a result of the activities of steelmaking, oil refining, and coal burning power plants were well known by then. Air Pollution in those days was for the most part written off as the price of progress, but as automobiles streamed onto the nation's ever-expanding highway system in unprecedented numbers in the 1950s, the pollution problems caused by their use, along with pollution caused by instrial sources could no longer be dismissed as an annoyance.
Tailpipe emissions from automobiles fall into 5 major categories:
Unburned Hydrocarbons
Oxides of Nitrogen
Carbon Monoxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Compounds of Lead
In addition, automobiles also generate several secondary sources of pollution. These Include:
Evaporative Emissions from fuel vapors, which find their way into the air
Water pollution, from fluids that leak from cooling systems, engines, and transmissions.
Hazardous Waste from discarded fluids, tires, batteries, and the like.
Asbestos fibers from brake linings and clutches.
A bit about the nature of automotive air pollutants
Unburned Hydrocarbons are the result of incomplete combustion of fuel in an engine. Theoretically, if an engine burns its fuel perfectly, there should be little or no unburned hydrocarbons. Skipping all the chemistry equations, if there is one part gasoline vapor by volume to 15 parts air, the fuel should burn perfectly, procing only carbon dioxide and water vapor as byprocts. In practice, this is difficult to do with a carbureted engine operating over a wide variety of temperatures, fuel formulations, and load conditions. Blowby, which is combustion gasses escaping past piston rings (or Apex Seals for you Wankel buffs) is also a major source of unburned hydrocarbons.
Carbon Monoxide is formed when combustion takes place when there is a shortage of oxygen. Carbon Monoxide wants to be Carbon Dioxide, but can't find another oxygen atom combine with. This makes it very reactive, and will bind with Hemoglobin, rendering it useless to transport oxygen in the blood. Small amounts of breathed CO cause headaches and fatigue, but Carbon Monoxide can kill if breathed in large enough amounts. In the Steel instry, Carbon Monoxide is used to pull the oxygen out of Iron Oxide to form pure Iron, but it is bad news in your bloodstream. CO can form in large amounts if too much fuel is allowed into the cylinders, or there are pockets of too rich a fuel-air mixture in the cylinders.
Oxides of Nitrogen form Smog when exposed to sunlight, and form when combustion temperatures exceed 2,300 F, forcing Oxygen and atmospheric Nitrogen (N2) to combine in a sort of chemical shotgun wedding. Like the human kind of shotgun weddings, these types of bonds are unstable and form reactive compounds under the right conditions. They form when preignition occurs, but also form under conditions of normal operation as well, particularly in high performance applications.
Sulfur Dioxide is a byproct of burning sulfur, a common impurity in many fuels. Sulfur Dioxide can combine with water to form Sulfuric Acid, a very corrosive chemical which can corrode metals, etch paint, and render lakes too acid to support aquatic life. Control primarily consists of removing sulfur from fuel at the refinery.
A Timeline of Automotive Emission Controls
1966: California implements the first emissions standards in the nation.
Early emission controls consisted of a PCV Valve, which provided positive crankcase ventilation while routing blowby gasses back into the air intake to be reburned in the engine. This was a great help in recing emissions from unburned hydrocarbons, but did little to rece Nitrogen Oxide emissions or Carbon Monoxide emissions. California cars also got fixed high-speed carburetor jets, and saw other tweaks to engine tuning to rece other emissions. California, then and now served as a laboratory for nationwide deployment for more advanced emission controls.
1968: Emission Controls were implemented Nationwide
Nationwide crankcase emission controls were implemented in new cars, and were similar to 1966 California cars. Light Trucks started to get emission controls a few years later. For a long time, emission standards for light trucks tended to lag those of automobiles, but the gap has narrowed over time. Air injection was introced into California vehicles, in an effort to rece CO and Unburned Hydrocarbons.
1969-1971: A graal tightening of standards:
Compression ratios were dropped to rece Nox emissions, and carburetion was leaned out to lower CO and HC emissions. This was the beginning of the end of the muscle car, at least in its original raw form. Air Injection and Exhaust Gas Recirculation made its way into more vehicles.
1971: The Clean Air Act was passed
The Clean Air Act mandated drastic rections in emissions over the next decade. The Clean air Act also mandated the eventual removal of tetraethyl lead from automotive fuels. Detroit's Big Three howled in protest, complaining that the new standards at best would be hugely expensive, or impossible to meet. In the automaker's research and development laboratories, a number of approaches were developed, and were the forerunner of modern emission controls. Ford had a program called Programmed Combustion, Honda developed the Stratified Charge Engine, and technologies such as electronically controlled carburetors, electronic ignition, catalytic converters, and the beginnings of computerized engine management systems were developed over the next several years.
1972 to 1975: Emission Controls and the Energy Crisis take a bite out of Detroit
The early to mid `70s were the darkest years for Detroit. Work on new technologies was feverishly going on in the lab and on the test track. What found its way into the average car however, was lowered compression ratios to allow operation on 87 octane unleaded gas, lean tuning to rece unburned hydrocarbons, air injection, and exhaust gas recirculation to rece peak combustion temperatures. An energy crisis followed the arab oil embargo of 1973, forcing gas prices up and prompted implementation of the much hated 55 mph speed limit in the United States. American cars of this era for the most part ran terribly, hobbled by lean tuning, low compression ratios, and an increasingly crowded engine compartment featuring a rats nest of new plumbing and wiring. They ran even worse when these quickly designed systems became balky. Stalling and hesitation were common problems, and people forced to drive them often resorted to removing emission controls in an attempt to restore some driveability. Emission controls of the time had a negative effect on fuel economy, aggravating an already bad fuel supply situation.
1975 saw the widespread introction of the Catalytic Converter, which allowed automakers to restore at least some driveability to their offerings, but performance was still a shadow of its late 1960s levels. An informal comparison of vehicles our family owned ring the late `70s shows how much performance dropped. We owned a 1970 Chrysler Town and Country with a 383 cubic inch engine with a 2-barrel carburetor, which would run on regular gas. It got about 13 mpg around town, 17 on the highway, and had a top speed of about 110 miles per hour, even loaded to the roof. We also had a 1976 Ford LTD Wagon with a 400 cubic inch engine and a 2-barrel carburetor, and in most other respects they were very similar cars. The LTD got 10 mpg around town, 14 on the highway, and had a top speed of barely 100 mph. As performance dropped through the `70s, carmakers also limited the top indicated speed on the speedometer to 85 mph on most cars. Performance became a four letter word, and instead automakers chose to emphasise styling and accessories in their large cars, and fuel economy in their smaller models.
1976-1980: Downsizing and the introction of electronics under the hood
The dark years for Detroit continued, though sales perked up for a while as gas prices stabilized from 1975 through 1978. Detroit engineers also faced the challenge of improving the fuel economy of their fleets, while also meeting stricter safety standards. General Motors trimmed nearly 1,000 pounds and about 100 cubic inches from their full size cars. Ford's new LTD in 1979 looked suspiciously like their old Ford Fairmont, a much smaller vehicle. The new "premium" LTD Landau was still over a foot shorter, and had an engine 100 cubic inches smaller than the 1978 model. Catalytic Converters, combined with air pumps, exhaust gas recirculation, lean tuning, and electronic ignition on most vehicles allowed most cars to meet increasingly strict emissions standards, but many of the larger engines could not meet the newer standards. The second energy crisis in 1979, combined with emissions problems with many larger V8 engines made engines over 400 cubic inches nearly extinct by the end of the decade, except in the Cadillac Sedan de Ville and 3/4 ton and larger pickups.
Technology by the end of the 1970s for most vehicles made in North America consisted of Catalytic Converters, combined with air pumps, exhaust gas recirculation, lean tuning, and electronic ignition on most vehicles. The end of the decade also saw the beginning of electronic engine management systems. My 1978 Plymouth Horizon had a spark control computer to control ignition timing and my brother's 1979 Plymouth Horizon TC3 had an electronically controlled carburetor in addition to the ignition timing.
Overseas, emissions standards were getting stiffer as well, particularly in Western Europe and Japan. Honda, Mercedes-Benz, and Volkswagen were able to meet US and even California emissions standards without needing a catalytic converter.
Diesel Engines and other technologies
Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen were able to meet the standards for emissions by using diesel engines in their cars. Diesel Engines tend to proce pretty low emissions without extra equipment, though they do proce a fair amount of soot which was not a pollutant of concern at the time. Diesel Engines also allowed for greater fuel efficiency, a Volkswagen Rabbit Diesel was able to get nearly 50 miles a gallon, at the time. Mercedes Benz had built diesel vehicles since the `30s, and by the late `70s, they had developed an almost legendary reputation for design, rability, and fuel economy as well. A late `70s 240D got 25 miles per gallon, not bad considering that a similarly sized American car of the time got about 17 mpg.
General Motors got into the diesel act in 1978 with a diesel engine option in full-sized Oldsmobiles, Buicks, and Cadillacs. A 4 cylinder diesel Chevette was also sold for a few years as well, which got nearly 50 mpg. In the fuel-starved days of 1980, they were a popular option, despite their slower acceleration, noise, and $1,000 premium compared to the gasoline powered model. What the buyer got in return was a full-sized car that got nearly 30 miles per gallon on the highway. What the buyer didn't get was an engine designed from the ground up as a diesel, but a converted gasoline engine based on the proven 350 cubic inch small-block V8. Diesel Engines operate at very high compression ratios, up to 22 to 1, and the extreme stresses placed on the engine internals caused many of these engines to self-destruct before they even had 50,000 miles on them. If the engines had managed to get a diet of high-quality fuel, the stiffened internals of the GM Diesels compared to their gasoline counterparts would have been adequate to hold up. The root of the problem turned out to be the fact that the injector pumps corroded from exposure to moisture and acids present in the poor quality of diesel fuel commonly available at the time, combined with an inadequate filtration system to remove these impurities. A damaged injector pump would cause improper timing and amount of fuel to be injected, causing the cylinder pressures to go sky-high eventually blowing the head gasket. Once the head gasket blew, it usually didn't take long for the rest of the engine to self-destruct. General Motors had to replace many of these engines under warranty, and within 5 years the diesel engine option was dropped. Regrettably this gave not only GM a black eye, but gave diesel engines as viable automobile powerplants a black eye as well, at least in the eyes of most Americans. Diesels gained wider acceptance as alternatives to big-block V8 gasoline engines in medium ty trucks, delivery vehicles, and school busses, but have not seen a rebirth in domestic cars, though they outnumber gasoline cars in Western Europe today.
Honda was able to meet 1975 standards by use of a novel gasoline engine called a Stratified Charge Engine, which Honda bbed the CVCC. The engine featured a cylinder head with 3 valves per cylinder, and a special carburetor. The carburetor featured a main section which provided a lean fuel-air mixture for most of the volume in the cylinder, and a section which provided a richer mixture in the area near the spark plug. The enriched layer of mixture ensured reliable ignition, while the main charge was lean enough to suppress formation of unburned hydrocarbons, oxides of Nitrogen and Carbon Monoxide. The carefully designed combustion chamber promoted swirling combustion, which ensured complete burning of the fuel-air mix. Honda was able to avoid putting Catalytic Converters on their vehicles until well into the 1980s.
字數超限了。。。。
㈥ 汽車尾氣對環境的影響(英文) 汽車尾氣對環境的影響(英文)
The main harm of automotive exhaust fumes are formed when. Secondly in automobile exhaust the highest content of carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide human impact. In automobile exhaust nitric oxide content, but less toxic, toxic sulfur oxides is three times. Hydrocarbons, which has more than 200 in atmospheric concentration of C2H4 0.5 PPM (10 PPM), can make some plant developmental anomalies. In automobile exhaust also found there are 32 species pahs, including 3 - benzopyrene carcinogenic substance, etc. When benzopyrene in air concentration of ug/m3 0.012 to get lung cancer among people, the number will be increased significantly. From the highway, the road traffic saic, higher for lung cancer mortality. Sulfur dioxide and suspended particulate matter, can increase the incidence of chronic respiratory disease, damage the lung function. So2 in the atmosphere, with high content of acid. "" precipitation, The automobile exhaust lead compounds with the breath, can enter blood lead through maternal into the placenta, endanger the fetus.
Purple bamboo 23:24:57 no.27 u so
According to China's first "car in environmental pollution condition investigation shows, the survey found that Beijing area within the car is not optimistic, environmental pollution situation of environment inside there are 93.82% different degree of pollution. In the survey, the 1175 car after 2003 for the purchase of new car, to survey 8 total more than 90%. Another car is 107 May 1994 to December 2002 between the old car. Nowadays, the procts range covers models of high, medium and low level of each paragraph, involving 91 38 domestic automobile manufacturers and the six famous international motor. Test results showed that all testing items are reached this survey activities in the reference standard of indoor air quality standards (GB/T18883-2002) to accept the test vehicle for 52, the total of the measured 6.18%. The new car, the harmful material, the formaldehyde exceeds 1.9 car by investigation of new 23.4%of, 610 vehicles chroma of benzene, the car has been testing total 75.1%, Toluene overweight, measured for 663 total 81.6% car, 199 vehicles, xylene exceeds the amount has been measured 24.5%, Carbon monoxide overweight, measured 358 car 44.1% total, Carbon dioxide exceeds 40, total 4.9% of measured, Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) exceeds 570, accounts for the new 70.2% total measurement, Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in survey found overweight detection (test for static test. When the car started in the course of driving, nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide concentration changes), but this doesn't mean value in the car driving condition. In the detection of environment inside of harmful substances, the highest value for the detection of formaldehyde 0.756 mg/m3, beyond the standard 6.56 times, The highest value for 1.699 benzene detection, beyond the standard mg/m3 14.45 times, The highest value for 16.239 toluene detection, beyond the standard mg/m3 transported creating it times, The highest value for 3.668 xylene detection, beyond the standard mg/m3 17.34 times, Carbon monoxide testing for 41.38 mg/numerical highest standard 3.14-fold m3, beyond, The highest value for 0.780% carbon dioxide detection, beyond the standard 6.8 times, Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) detection for 10.2 mg/numerical highest standard 17 times, m3.
Thus, car inner environment pollution for toluene, first for dimethyl benzene, benzene, formaldehyde, this several TVOC and harmful substances are more serious pollution. If long-term exposure to ride with the health causes bigger harm. In May 1994 by December 2002 to purchase car interior environment between the sampling testing found that the environment pollution is within the old car is very common. The difference lies in the car and car air pollution, in the relatively low concentration, belong to mild pollution. If the proper ventilation or effective management, can achieve safety standards. Thus, the polluting substances within the car will elapse as time graally ease, but need a relatively long process. Interior environment of air pollution sources include: (1) auto parts and interior decoration materials (plastic, rubber, paint coating fabric, etc) contain harmful substances used in automotive interior environment to release process, air pollution caused by car. Main pollutants formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, hydrocarbon and halogenated hydrocarbon, etc. (2) external contamination in the car, if the seal of the external environment, environmental pollutants will enter the car, car air pollution. Automobile emission of pollutants into their car environment, including automotive emission of pollutants, or automotive air conditioning after long-term application of accumulated in air. Pollutants are mainly of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides hydrocarbons, and so2, microbial, benzene, olefins, aromatic hydrocarbons, particle etc. The new car driving in half a year, never in road closed the window. Should use less as far as possible, in order to strengthen vehicle air conditioning ventilation, make interior harmful substances as soon as possible. If the owner is in his garage, can not drive often opened the door and window ventilated, Car owners are strictly choice, prevent to decorate the containing harmful substances to some glue, seating pad to buy a new car, car seat cover inside contain other textiles, best first formaldehyde rinse again using, Select the natural material proction of perfume, at present, a lot of perfume is quality, itself has certain pollution, Using vehicle air to purify a proct should pay attention to choose to have effect and side effects of small, If the owner himself driving car after a period of time, for example, have found signs of reaction, breathing stimulation feels smoked eyes, even dizzy, if car smell in three months even six months are not completely to send out, should make a vehicle air quality inspection, and remove the car as soon as possible sources that, Four people to pay special attention to the new car pollutant hazards: physical weak, women, children and have allergic constitution, these people to avoid driving and take a long time. Thus, car inner environment pollution for toluene, first for dimethyl benzene, benzene, formaldehyde, this several TVOC and harmful substances are more serious pollution. If long-term exposure to ride with the health causes bigger harm. In May 1994 by December 2002 to purchase car interior environment between the sampling testing found that the environment pollution is within the old car is very common.
The difference lies in the car and car air pollution, in the relatively low concentration, belong to mild pollution. If the proper ventilation or effective management, can achieve safety standards. Thus, the polluting substances within the car will elapse as time graally ease, but need a relatively long process. Interior environment of air pollution sources include: (1) auto parts and interior decoration materials (plastic, rubber, paint coating fabric, etc) contain harmful substances used in automotive interior environment to release process, air pollution caused by car. Main pollutants formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, hydrocarbon and halogenated hydrocarbon, etc. (2) external contamination in the car, if the seal of the external environment, environmental pollutants will enter the car, car air pollution. Automobile emission of pollutants into their car environment, including automotive emission of pollutants, or automotive air conditioning after long-term application of accumulated in air. Pollutants are mainly of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides hydrocarbons, and so2, microbial, benzene, olefins, aromatic hydrocarbons, particle etc. The new car driving in half a year, never in road closed the window. Should use less as far as possible, in order to strengthen vehicle air conditioning ventilation, make interior harmful substances as soon as possible. If the owner is in his garage, can not drive often opened the door and window ventilated, Car owners are strictly choice, prevent to decorate the containing harmful substances to some glue, seating pad to buy a new car, car seat cover inside contain other textiles, best first formaldehyde rinse again using, Select the natural material proction of perfume, at present, a lot of perfume is quality, itself has certain pollution, Using vehicle air to purify a proct should pay attention to choose to have effect and side effects of small, If the owner himself driving car after a period of time, for example, have found signs of reaction, breathing stimulation feels smoked eyes, even dizzy, if car smell in three months even six months are not completely to send out, should make a vehicle air quality inspection, and remove the car as soon as possible sources that, Four people to pay special attention to the new car pollutant hazards: physical weak, women, children and have allergic constitution, these people to avoid driving and take a long time.
好就鼓勵一下，謝謝咯~
㈦ 求一篇關於汽車尾氣的污染的英文作文150單詞左右。
A very tough-looking de was driving a beat-up truck along
the country road where you can see blue sky and green fields, and listen to birds chirping.
All of sudden, he stopped and parked the truck by the road
without turning it off, he got off the truck and run towards
the back of the truck and put his nose by the muffler and
inhaled the exhaust deeply. He felt much better because he
is from Los Angeles, the fresh air in the country side is
killing him and he can hardly breathe here.
He likes the smell of the exhaust, especially the diesel
smell because that is what most people breathe in and out
everyday in big cities, their lungs are full soots and dirt,
for people, especially children and elderly people, with
breathing problems, such as asthma, and weak immune system,
exhast pollution can be very harmful, sometimes even fatal.
But if you live in the city, when you enjoy all the
conveniences that the city has to offer, you are paying a
price also because the city is more polluted and crowded.
Unless new technology emerges and we can drive cars that
will convert fuels into steam ring combustion and only
clean air comes out of the exhaust pipe, in the near future,
the air pollution casue by automobile exhausts will get
worse as people have more cars and the roads get more jammed.
㈧ 汽車尾氣的污染後果（英文）
Those fucking exhaust gas will fuck u up, the sun don't shine, the fish can't eat, the people became stupid! well, just very very bad~
But don't worry about it, just took off ur fucking cat, no big deal.
㈨ 汽車尾氣的英文怎麼寫
exhaust 汽車排出的（尾）氣
㈩ 關於汽車尾氣的英文文章。最好有翻譯的，沒有也沒事。謝謝，
做畢業設計
兩篇 合一起
Car exhaust chemicals
Chemicals in car exhaust
Car exhaust is a source of carbon dioxide and this component tends to get most of the coverage these days, but there's a whole bunch of nasty toxic chemicals in car exhaust that damage our environment. Let's take a look at a few.
Carbon Monoxide
Colorless, odorless, tasteless, yet highly toxic. Automobile and instrial emissions may also contribute to the greenhouse effect and global warming; it's one of the other greenhouse gases we don't usually hear much about. It occurs naturally in our atmosphere at around 0.1 ppm, but car exhaust without a catalytic converter contains 7,000 parts per million.
Nitrogen dioxide
Toxic by inhalation and can cause adverse health effects at low levels over a long period. It can contribute to acid rain and eutrophication in coastal waters.
Sulfur dioxide
Can cause pulmonary and respiratory distress and acidification of waterways.
Particulate matter
This is basically soot - it's most apparent effect is recing visibility. It impacts on breathing and respiratory systems, damages lung tissues and causes cancer. Hundreds of thousands, if not millions of people and animals die prematurely each year e to the health effects of inhaling particulate matter.
Benzene
A carcinogen in humans, benzene is also very toxic aquatic life and can cause death in plants. It is a "precursor" component for formation of photochemical smog.
Formaldehyde
Another known carcinogen for humans, with similar effects to many animals and birds. In an aquatic environment, formaldehyde has a half life of between a day and ten days.
Polycyclic hydrocarbons
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services states that some Polycyclic hydrocarbons may be carcinogens in humans and animals and can cause harmful effects on skin and the auto-immune system.
Some recent studies have also found car exhaust can create hydrocarbon-based free radicals which can linger indefinitely. These free radicals are believed to cause lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Even with the use of catalytic converters to help break down pollutants that cause smog, it may be creating conditions for the creation of these free radicals to form.
So when you rece your car usage, take public transport or car pool, even just a bit of gentle exercise by walking to the store instead of driving, it's not just carbon dioxide you're keeping out of the atmosphere, but a lot of other environmentally damaging chemicals too. Even if you do need to drive your car regularly, by using simple gas saving strategies you can rece your environmental impact and save a stack of cash at the same time.
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Car exhaust linked to heart disease, says expert
Scientists have linked car exhaust with higher risk of heart disease. That』 according to a study led by research toxicologist John Incardona of the Northwest Fisheries Science Center near Seattle, Washington.
John Incardona: Well, the fact is that we』re breathing an aerosolized oil spill if you』re in a big city. So that』s the main point, is that there』s this well-known link between ambient, everyday air pollution and heart disease, heart attacks, acute arrythmias.
Incardona』s research got its start from studies of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. In the lab, he tested the effects of the ringed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs, on the embryos of tropical zebrafish, a medical analog to humans.
John Incardona:We were able to make these observations by directly looking at the beating heart in a living embryo and saw that the function was disrupted by exposure to the three-ringed PAHs.
Because these PAHs have not been linked to cancer, Incardona said they』ve been ignored until now.
John Incardona: What if it really is these compounds that nobody』s looking at and there』s no regulation for them? So that』s why it matters.
We asked Incardona just how much city air pollution contributes to heart attacks.
John Incardona:That』s what we don』t know, right, because we study the fish. We』ve simply identified these compounds as toxic. It』s up to the medical community to go and look at these and ask whether or not these things are contributing to the acute effects of air pollution.