『壹』 有關葯的英語作文1000字
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Harmfulness of Fake Commodities. You should Write at least 100 Words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1．目前社會上有不少假冒偽劣商品(fake commodities)，為什麼會有這些現象?
2．舉例說明假冒偽劣商品對消費個人、社會等的危害。
Harmfulness of Fake Commodities
In recent years, a lot of fake commodities have appeared in the market. They range from small, cheap commodities such as a pair of shoes, a tube of toothpaste to large expensive ones such as a video CD player and a refrigerator. We can almost say that where there are people, there are fake commodities.
Many reasons account for the fact that there are so many fake commodities in the market. First, although some factories are not so famous, they want their procts to sell well so that they can gain more profit. So they will put the brand name of a prestigious company on their procts. Second, although some consumers are not so well off, yet, they can＇t resist the temptation of having something proced by a famous company, therefore, they buy the fake commodities to show off to the others. Finally, some fake commodities serve almost as well as the genuine ones, but they are much cheaper. So many people still buy them.
Fake commodities will undoubtedly do harm to both the indivial and the society. The consumers are, of course, the direct victims. Fake commodities are usually of very poor quality, which often do harm to consumers. I have heard so many cases in which gas leaked from gas-heaters, resulting in death. Moreover, fake commodities cut into the profits of the other companies, breaking the rule in fair competition and thus causing other social problems.
My View on Fake Commodities
Nowadays fake commodities have flooded almost every inch of the market. Wherever you are, whatever you do, it seems that you can hardly have fallen prey to them. In other words, it is highly probable that you have bought some of those fake goods or procts of inferior quality。 Needless to say, fake commodities have already done great harm to our society. On the one hand, they will ruin the good reputation of genuine procts and disturb the balance of the market. On the other hand, the prevalence of such procts has hindered interpersonal relationship and resulted in the decline of public morality. As a consequence, they have wasted exhaustible resources, endangered people』s precious life and health, and in the long run eroded public trust。 Then, what should be done to do away with fake commodities? To start with, the government needs to tighten its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. Secondly, honest businessmen should modify some long-accepted practices at the protection of their intellectual property right. Most important of all, we consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to distinguish between the genuine and the phoney and definitely say no to the fake ones. In one word, the coordinated effort of the whole society will put an end to fake commodities.
『貳』 ●誰幫忙寫一篇關於醫葯的初中英語作文(80單詞左右)
My friend mike suffering from influenza, he bought a box asking me take medicine methods, so I give him on how to prevent influenza. Taking note is this : Disorders : cold-inced, cough (cough), headache (headache). Usage and consumption : eating oral, a 1-2 tablets, three times a day. 3-5 days of bad treatment reflected : occasionally doze flu taboos : medication ring jealous fish, wine, spicy food. mike can hope to take medicine by specification methods, physical rehabilitation can get good
我的朋友mike患了感冒,他買了盒葯向我詢問服葯方法,於是我介紹如何預防感冒給他. 服葯說明是這樣的: 適應症:感冒引起的,咳嗽(cough),頭痛(headache). 用法與用量:飯前口服,一次1-2片,一天3次,療程3-5天 不良反映:偶爾有瞌睡感 禁忌:服葯期間忌魚,酒,辛辣食品. 希望mike能按說明書的方法來吃葯,身體能早點康復好
『叄』 關於葯學領域的英語作文。急急急
Oral Administration 口服給葯
For oral administration, the most common route, absorption refers to the transport of drugs across membranes of the epithelial cells in the GI tract. Absorption after oral administration is confounded by differences in luminal pH along the GI tract, surface area per luminal volume, blood perfusion, the presence of bile and mucus, and the nature of epithelial membranes. Acids are absorbed faster in the intestine than in the stomach, apparently contradicting the hypothesis that un-ionized drug more readily crosses membranes. However, the apparent contradiction is explained by the larger surface area and greater permeability of the membranes in the small intestine. 口服是最常用的給葯途徑，其吸收涉及葯物通過胃腸道上皮細胞膜的轉運。由於給葯時相關環境條件的不同，如胃腸道管腔內pH及單位腔道容積的表面積，組織血流灌注情況，膽汁和粘液的存在以及上皮細胞膜的性質等，口服給葯的吸收也有差異。酸性葯物在腸中的吸收較胃中快，這顯然與非解離葯物更易透過細胞膜這一假設相矛盾。然而，這種明顯的矛盾卻可以從小腸具有很大的表面積和小腸細胞膜具有較大的通透性中得到答案。
The oral mucosa has a thin epithelium and a rich vascularity that favors absorption, but contact is usually too brief, even for drugs in solution, for appreciable absorption to occur. A drug placed between the gums and cheek （buccal administration） or under the tongue （sublingual administration） is retained longer so that absorption is more complete. 口腔粘膜上皮很薄，血管豐富，有利於葯物吸收。但是，接觸的時間太短暫，即使是溶液劑也來不及等到明顯的吸收發生。把一種葯物置於齒齦和面頰之間（頰部給葯）或置於舌下（舌下給葯）則可保留較長時間，使吸收更加完全。
The stomach has a relatively large epithelial surface, but because it has a thick mucous layer and the time that the drug remains there is usually relatively short, absorption is limited. Absorption of virtually all drugs is faster from the small intestine than from the stomach. Therefore, gastric emptying is the rate-limiting step. Food, especially fatty foods, slows gastric emptying （and the rate of drug absorption）, explaining why some drugs should be taken on an empty stomach when a rapid onset of action is desired. Food may enhance the extent of absorption for poorly soluble drugs （eg, griseofulvin）, rece it for drugs degraded in the stomach （eg, penicillin G）, or have little or no effect. Drugs that affect gastric emptying （eg, parasympatholytic drugs） affect the absorption rate of other drugs. 胃具有相對大的上皮表面，但由於它有較厚的粘液層，而且葯物在胃內停留的時間相對較短，吸收也較少。事實上，所有葯物在小腸中的吸收速度都要比胃中快。因此，胃排空即是一限速性步驟。食物，特別是脂類食物，延緩胃排空速度（從而也延緩葯物吸收速度），這也就是為何某些希望迅速奏效的葯物宜空腹服用的原因。食物可增強某些溶解性差的葯物（如灰黃黴素）的吸收，減少胃內降解葯物（如青黴素G）的吸收，食物以裁縫折吸收或無影響，或影響甚少。影響胃排空的葯物（如副交感神經阻斷劑）可影響其他葯物的吸收速度。
The small intestine has the largest surface area for drug absorption in the GI tract. The intraluminal pH is 4 to 5 in the odenum but becomes progressively more alkaline, approaching 8 in the lower ileum. GI microflora may inactivate certain drugs, recing their absorption. Decreased blood flow （eg, in shock） may lower the concentration gradient across the intestinal mucosa and decrease absorption by passive diffusion. （Decreased peripheral blood flow also alters drug distribution and metabolism.） 小腸在胃腸道中具有最大的葯物吸收表面積。十二脂腸腔內pH值為4~5，管腔內pH值趨鹼性逐漸增強，至回腸下部時pH接近8。胃腸道內的菌叢可使某些葯物失活，降低葯物的吸收。血流量的減少（如休克病人）可以降低跨腸粘膜的濃度梯度，從而減少被動擴散吸收。（外周血流減少也會改變葯物的分布和代謝。
Intestinal transit time can influence drug absorption, particularly for drugs that are absorbed by active transport （eg, B vitamins）, that dissolve slowly （eg, griseofulvin）, or that are too polar （ie, poorly lipid-soluble） to cross membranes readily （eg, many antibiotics）. For such drugs, transit may be too rapid for absorption to be complete. 腸道通過時間腸道通過時間能影響葯物吸收，特別是經主動轉運吸收的葯物（如維生素B）、溶解緩慢的葯物（如灰黃黴素），或極性太高（即脂溶性差）難以透過細胞膜的葯物（如許多抗生素）。這類葯物通過太快，致使吸收不全。
For controlled-release dosage forms, absorption may occur primarily in the large intestine, particularly when drug release continues for > 6 h, the time for transit to the large intestine. 對控釋劑型來說，吸收主要在大腸內進行，特別是葯物釋放時間超過6小時，也就是葯物運達大腸的時間。
Absorption from solution: A drug given orally in solution is subjected to numerous GI secretions and, to be absorbed, must survive encounters with low pH and potentially degrading enzymes. Usually, even if a drug is stable in the enteral environment, little of it remains to pass into the large intestine. Drugs with low lipophilicity （ie, low membrane permeability）, such as aminoglycosides, are absorbed slowly from solution in the stomach and small intestine; for such drugs, absorption in the large intestine is expected to be even slower because the surface area is smaller. Consequently, these drugs are not candidates for controlled release. 溶液劑型的吸收葯物吸收受到大量胃腸道內分泌液的影響。葯物要想被吸收，就必須要在與低pH環境及潛在的降解酶的接觸中生存下來。通常，即使某種葯物在腸環境中很穩定，但進入大腸的仍然是極少數。低親脂性（即膜通透性低）葯物，如氨基糖苷類，經胃和小腸溶液被緩慢吸收。而在大腸中，因表面積更小，預期吸收更慢。因此，這些葯物不宜製成控釋劑型。
Absorption from solid forms: Most drugs are given orally as tablets or capsules primarily for convenience, economy, stability, and patient acceptance. These procts must disintegrate and dissolve before absorption can occur. Disintegration greatly increases the drug's surface area in contact with GI fluids, thereby promoting drug dissolution and absorption. Disintegrants and other excipients （eg, diluents, lubricants, surfactants, binders, dispersants） are often added ring manufacture to facilitate these processes. Surfactants increase the dissolution rate by increasing the wetability, solubility, and dispersibility of the drug. Disintegration of solid forms may be retarded by excessive pressure applied ring the tableting procere or by special coatings applied to protect the tablet from the digestive processes of the gut. Hydrophobic lubricants （eg, magnesium stearate） may bind to the active drug and rece its bioavailability. 固體劑型的吸收主要是出於方便、經濟、葯物穩定性、及病人接受性的考慮，大多數葯物都以片劑或膠囊劑口服給葯。這些制劑必須經過崩解和溶解才能被吸收。崩解大大增加了葯物與胃腸液的接觸表面積，從而促進葯物的溶解和吸收。在制葯過程中,為了促進崩解和溶解作用，往往添加一些崩解劑和其他賦形劑（如稀釋劑、潤滑劑、表面活性劑、粘合劑、分散劑）。表面活性劑通過增加葯物的吸濕性、溶解度和分散性來增加其溶解速率。在製片過程中壓片壓力過大，或為了使葯片免受腸道消化作用的影響而使用特殊的包衣，可延緩固體劑型的崩解。忌水性潤滑劑（如硬脂酸鎂）可與活性葯物結合而降低其生物利用度。
Dissolution rate determines the availability of the drug for absorption. When slower than absorption, dissolution becomes the rate-limiting step. Overall absorption can be controlled by manipulating the formulation. For example, recing the particle size increases the drug's surface area, thus increasing the rate and extent of GI absorption of a drug whose absorption is normally limited by slow dissolution. Dissolution rate is affected by whether the drug is in salt, crystal, or hydrate form. The Na salts of weak acids （eg, barbiturates, salicylates） dissolve faster than their corresponding free acids regardless of the pH of the medium. Certain drugs are polymorphic, existing in amorphous or various crystalline forms. Chloramphenicol palmitate has two forms, but only one sufficiently dissolves and is absorbed to be clinically useful. A hydrate is formed when one or more water molecules combine with a drug molecule in crystal form. The solubility of such a solvate may markedly differ from the nonsolvated form; eg, anhydrous ampicillin has a greater rate of dissolution and absorption than its corresponding trihydrate. 溶解速率溶解速率決定葯物吸收時的可用度。當溶解速率低於吸收速率時，溶解就會制約吸收。葯物的總體吸收可通過改變配方來加以調控，例如，減小顆粒體積可增加葯物的表面積，從而增加那些溶解緩慢吸收受限的葯物的胃腸道吸收速率和分量。葯物的不同形式，如鹽、晶體或水合物等，都可影響溶解速率。不管介質的pH是多少，弱酸的鈉鹽（如巴比妥酸鹽，水楊酸鹽）比其相應的游離酸溶解得快。某些葯物有多種形態，可以非晶體形或不同晶體形存在。棕櫚酸氯黴素有兩種存在形態，但只有一種形態能充分溶解吸收，也因而被臨床使用。當一個或多個水分子和一個晶體形葯物分子相結合時，就構成一種水合物。這種的溶解度可能與非水合物的溶解度有明顯的不同。例如，無水氨苄西林的溶解速率和吸收比其它相應水合物的溶解吸收速率都要快得多。
『肆』 關於到葯房買葯的英語作文
晚上，媽媽突然感到身體不舒服，叫我出去買葯，雖然我十分害怕，但我還是答應了媽媽，我飛奔的跑到葯店，買了葯又飛跑的回到家，媽媽說我長大了，我心裡美滋滋的
『伍』 制葯英語作文1000字，有關於葯學的英語作文
Surfactants may affect drug dissolution in an unpredictable fashion. Low concentrations of surfactants lower the surface tension and increase the rate of drug dissolution, whereas higher concentrations of surfactants tend to form micelles with the drug and thus decrease the dissolution rate.
表面活性劑可以影響葯物溶出是一種不可預測的方式，低濃度的表面活性劑降低表面張力和提高溶出率，然而高濃度的表面活性劑趨於與葯物形成膠團，因此降低葯物溶出速率。
Introction of Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are polyanionic molecules of high molecular weight. These polymers are composed of sequence of subunits or nucleotides so that the whole is usually termed a polynucleotide. The nucleic acids are of two main varieties, ribonucleic (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic (DNA). DNA is found primarily in the chromatin to the cell nucleus, whereas 90% of RNA is present in the cell cytoplasm and 10% in the nucleolus. The two classes of nucleic acids are distinguished primary on basis of the five-carbon atom sugar of pentose present. Two general kinds of bases are found in all nucleic acids. One type is a derivative of the parent compound purine. Principle examples are guanine and adenine. The second class of bases found in all nucleic acid is derived from the parent compound pyrimidine.
介紹核酸
核酸是超高分子量聚陰離子分子。這些聚合物組成，亞基或核苷酸，使整個通常稱為多核苷酸序列。核酸有兩種，主要品種核糖核酸（RNA）和脫氧核糖核酸（DNA）的。 DNA是主要存在於細胞核內的染色質，而90％的RNA在細胞質現在和10％的核仁。核酸類的兩個主要的區別在於對目前的五個戊糖碳原子的糖基礎。一般兩個種基地發現，在所有核酸。一類是母體化合物嘌呤的衍生物。原理是鳥嘌呤和腺嘌呤的例子。在所有發現核酸鹼基第二類是來自母體化合物嘧啶。
『陸』 關於感冒葯說明的英語作文
Before meals, a one to two, three times a day, four to six days with occasional drowsiness treatment medication avoid fish, alcohol, spicy foods.
How to prevent colds
『柒』 關於中葯的英語作文初二
One afternoon,a boy played football on the grass.Suddenly,he fell down.So he was sent to the hospital by his best friend.The doctor told him that nothing serious.Just to have a good rest and drink a lot of water.
『捌』 急求一篇關於葯學方面的英語作文。謝謝啦
,Hi! name is lisa.I am twelve years old.I am a good student.And I am a girl .I am not handsome but I am very lovely .I am study in ...shool.The shool is very good and beautiful.I like it very much.I have big eyes and my ears are big too.But my nose and mouse are small.so I look like lovely.My favorite sport is play basketball and table tennis I think health is very importante.And I hope you healthy 2,My name is Li Rong ,is a Class One Grade Six student of Hongshan elementary school.I like dancing,performing,managing,and singing!The hobbies are much more.I have written a good character,obtains teacher's performance frequently.From the first grade,I has been being various branches group leader.I had obtained many certificates,and have published many articles.Hoped that my performance can make you to satisfy!Hoped that my name can keep in your heart!
『玖』 寫一篇關於葯物的英語作文
Mike you are a class of students from Australia, he caught a cold, go pharmacy to buy medicine, medication methods of inquiry you want to. [Symptoms fit]: Adaptation and cough caused by colds, headaches and other symptoms. [Use] before use. A 1 ~ 2, Three times a day, 3 ~ 5 days treatment. [Adverse reflect]: once in a while drowsy flu. [Taboo ] medication ring the anti-fish, alcohol, spicy food