① 電腦的發展史，用英語寫
你在網上搜一下 再用有道字典翻譯
② 急！用英文簡述電腦發展史
We build computer to solve problems.Early computer solved mathematical and engineering problems，and later computers emphasized information processing for business applications.T-
oday，computers also control machines as diverse as automobile engines，robots，and microwave ovens. A computer system solves a problem from any of these domains by accepting input，processing it，and procing output. Fig. 1-1 illustrates the function of a computer system.
Computer systems consist of hardware and software. Hardware is the physical part of the system. Once designed，hardware is difficult and expensive to change. Software is the set of programs that instruct the hardware and is easier to modify than hardware. Computers are valuable because they are general-purpose machines that can solve many different kinds of problems，as opposed to special-purpose machines that can each solve only one kind of problem. Different problems can be solved with the same hardware by supplying the system with a different set of instructions.that is，with different software.
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翻譯:
計算機組成原理
計算機硬體
人們為解決問題而製造計算機。早期的計算機解決的是數學和工程問題，後來計算機著重解決商業應用中的信息處理問題。如今，計算機還用來控制如汽車發動機、機器人和微波爐等各式各樣的機器。計算機系統解決上述這些領域中的任何一個問題都是通過接收輸入、處理問題和生成輸出來實現的。圖1-1說明了計算機系統的功能。
計算機系統由硬體和軟體組成。硬體是系統的物理部分。硬體一旦設計完畢，要修改是困難的，並且花費也大。軟體是指揮硬體的程序集合，比硬體容易修改。計算機之所以有用，是因為它們能解決很多不同類型的問題，是通用的機器。相對而言，每種專用機只能解決一類問題。通過為系統配備不同的指令系統，也就是配備不同的軟體，能用同一硬體去解決不同的問題。
③ 有關電腦的歷史10字英語作文
Computers play an important role in the modern world. Today they are used in many areas of human activities, such as business, instry, science, and ecation. The development of computers has also created many attractive job opportunities. Anyway, the value of the computer is undeniable. Modern instrialized society need computers to perform a wide range of tasks, I think a general knowledge of such wonderful machines is quite necessary for most of us.
④ 有關電腦的發展史,英文版
History of computer development
5th century BC, Chinese invented the abacus. It is widely used in commercial trade, and this is the first calculation tool. It』s also considered the prototype of a computer. Until the 17th century, computing devices have a second important step forward. In 1666, Samuel Morland who was English ，invented the addend and subtrahend machine.
1832, Babbage and Joseph Clement made a computing device. It』s Size nearly as big a house. January 1943: In the United States, An advanced computer was developed which weighs 5 tons, 75 million parts. These computers are mainly used in the war began.1987: A supercomputer release, which can made 200 million operations per second. At present, the type of computer has a lot of friends, according to the computer』s processing speed classification, It can be divided into five types：supercomputers,mainframes,minicomputers,workstations and microcomputers
"Who invented the computer?」 The real answer is that many inventors contributed to the history of computers. The development of computers reflects the wisdom of modern humans.
譯文：
計算機的發展史
公元前5世紀，中國人發明了算盤。它被廣泛應用於商業貿易，這是第一次的計算工具。 它也被認為是一台電腦的原型。直到17世紀，計算設備的第二個重要的一步。1666年，塞繆爾·莫蘭德是英國人，是加數和減數機的發明者。1832年，巴貝奇和約瑟夫·克萊門特發明了計算設備。它的大小幾乎一樣大的房子。1943年1月：在美國，開發了先進的計算機，它重達5噸，75萬件。這些電腦主要用於在戰爭開始。1987年：一個超級版本，它可以每秒運算200萬。目前，計算機的類型有很多朋友，根據計算機的處理速度分類，可分為五種類型：超級計算機、大型機、小型機、工作站和微型計算機。
「誰發明了計算機？」真正的答案是，許多發明家計算機的歷史貢獻。計算機的發展，反映了現代人類的智慧。
Evolution of the Computer:
The first counting device was the abacus, originally from Asia. It worked on a place-value notion meaning that the place of a bead or rock on the apparatus determined how much it was worth.
1600s: John Napier discovers logarithms. Robert Bissaker invents the slide rule which will remain in popular use until 19??.
1642: Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invents the first mechanical digital calculator using gears, called the Pascaline. Although this machine could perform addition and subtraction on whole numbers, it was too expensive and only Pascal himself could repare it.
1804: Joseph Marie Jacquard used punch cards to automate a weaving loom.
1812: Charles P. Babbage, the "father of the computer", discovered that many long calculations involved many similar, repeated operations. Therefore, he designed a machine, the difference engine which would be steam-powered, fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program. In 1833, Babbage quit working on this machine to concentrate on the analytical engine.
1840s: Augusta Ada. "The first programmer" suggested that a binary system shouled be used for staorage rather than a decimal system.
1850s: George Boole developed Boolean logic which would later be used in the design of computer circuitry.
1890: Dr. Herman Hollerith introced the first electromechanical, punched-card data-processing machine which was used to compile information for the 1890 U.S. census. Hollerith's tabulator became so successful that he started his own business to market it. His company would eventually become International Business Machines (IBM).
1906: The vacuum tube is invented by American physicist Lee De Forest.
1939: Dr. John V. Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry build the first electronic digital computer. Their machine, the Atanasoff-Berry-Computer (ABC) provided the foundation for the advances in electronic digital computers.
1941, Konrad Zuse (recently deceased in January of 1996), from Germany, introced the first programmable computer designed to solve complex engineering equations. This machine, called the Z3, was also the first to work on the binary system instead of the decimal system.
1943: British mathematician Alan Turing developped a hypothetical device, the Turing machine which would be designed to perform logical operation and could read and write. It would presage programmable computers. He also used vacuum technology to build British Colossus, a machine used to counteract the German code scrambling device, Enigma.
1944: Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers from IBM, constructed a large automatic digital sequence-controlled computer called the Harvard Mark I. This computer could handle all four arithmetic opreations, and had special built-in programs for logarithms and trigonometric functions.
1945: Dr. John von Neumann presented a paper outlining the stored-program concept.
1947: The giant ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine was developped by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at the University of Pennsylvania. It used 18, 000 vacuums, punch-card input, weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot space. It wasn't programmable but was proctive from 1946 to 1955 and was used to compute artillery firing tables. That same year, the transistor was invented by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Labs. It would rid computers of vacuum tubes and radios.
1949: Maurice V. Wilkes built the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer), the first stored-program computer. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), the second stored-program computer was built by Mauchly, Eckert, and von Neumann. An Wang developped magnetic-core memory which Jay Forrester would reorganize to be more efficient.
1950: Turing built the ACE, considered by some to be the first programmable digital computer.
⑤ 電腦歷史的英語作文
The oldest calculating tool is abacus that was invented by Chinese several thousand years ago. Since then human beings had tried to make a machine to calculate for many years. However, there had been no machine which can be called "computer" till 1946. In that year two Americans invented the first computer in the world. The volumn of the machine was so large that it took up a whole room, and its speed was very low. With the rapid development of IT, nowadays computers are much smaller and faster, and they have become one of essential tools for everybody.
MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER
Microprocessor is a processor whose elements have been miniaturized into one or a few integrated circuits.It is a semiconctor central processing unit(CPU)and one of the principal components of the microcomputer.The elements of the microprocessor are frequently contained on a single chip or within the same package， are sometimes distributed over several separate chips.[1] In a microcomputer with a fixed instruction set，the microprocessor consists of the arithmetic-logic unit and the control logic unit.In a microcomputer with a micro programmed instruction set，it contains an additional control-memory unit.[2]
Pentium And Power PC Evolution
In this section，we provide a brief overview of two computer families：the Intel Pentium and the IBM Power PC.The Pentium represents the results of decades of design effort on complex instruction set computers(CISCs).It incorporates the sophisticated design principles once found only on mainframes and supercomputers and serves as an excellent example of CISC design.The Power PC is a direct descendant of the first RISC system，the IBM 801，and is one of the most powerful and best-designed RISC-based systems on the market.[3]
1)The Pentium
One method of increasing the complexity of an integrated circuit is simply to scale the chip down.[4] For example，if every line etched into the silicon die could be shrunk in half，the same circuit could be built in one -fourth the area.The evolution of dynamic memory chips(DRAMs)follows this rule exactly.The original IBM PC used 16 KB DRAMs.These were soon replaced with 64 Kchips，then 256 KB chips，and now 16 MB，and even 64 MB chips…
The「trick」，of course，is being able to improve processing skills sufficiently to allow this scaling to continue.In 1969，the minimum feature size(the smallest detail that can be etched into a chip)was 10 microns(10×10-6 meter).By 1997，this had shrunk to 0.25 micron—40 times smaller!
The Pentium uses a superscalar architecture.This means that the chip』s capabilities go beyond those achieved simply by scaling down its size.In particular，the Pentium is the first microprocessor in the Intel family to support two instruction pipelines，each with its own arithmetic-logic unit，address generation circuitry，and data cache interface.The result is a processor that can actually execute two different instructions simultaneously.
In 1965，Gordon Moore，one of the founders of Intel，was graphing chip complexity vs. time. He noticed that the number of integrated components doubled every two years.Moore then boldly predicted that this doubling would continue indefinitely.Remarkab1y，his prediction—now referred to as Moore』s law—has held up for more than 30 years.[5]
2)The Pentium MMX
In 1996，Intel began delivering versions of the Pentium with multimedia extensions (MMXs).These processors have three architectural enhancements over non-MMX processors(now renamed Pentium Classic).
For general applications，benchmark tests show a 10一20 percent improvement over the Pentium Classic，increasing to nearly 70 percent when multimedia-specific plications are considered.[6] Chips with(internal)click speeds as high as 233 MHz are available.
Applications of MMX processors include decompression of audio and video files.Indeed，software video players may become a reality.Some vendors are replacing conventional modems and sound cards with MMX-driven software equivalents.
3)The Pentium Pro
Perhaps the most striking feature of the Pentium Pro is the package itself.As shown in Fig. 2-1 the Pro consists of two separate silicon dies.The largest is the processor;fabricated with 0.35 micron design rules，it incorporates 5.5 million transistors.The smaller die beside it is a 256 KB level-two cache.Oddly enough，the cache has three times as many transistor，as the processor(16.5 millions)，but because of its uniformity，less silicon area is required.[7] Versions of the Pentium Pro with a 512KB，and a 1 MB cache are also available.
The Pentium Pro retains all of the architectural features of the Pentium that preceded it.That is，internally，all registers are 32 bits，while the external data bus is 64 bits wide.Four additional address lines have been added，allowing 64 GB of physical memory to be accessed.From a software point of view，the Pentium Pro remains 100% compatible with the previous generation of 80x86 processors.Three new processor instructions have been added，as well as two new floating-point-unit instructions.
The most touted feature of the Pentium Pro is what Intel calls dynamic execution.This new approach to processing software instructions that reces idle processor time to an absolute minimum.
4)The Pentium II
The newest member of the 80x86 family is the Pentium II.First made available in 1997，it is basically a Pentium Pro with MMX technology.
The Pentium II is made with 0.25-micron technology，allowing clock speeds of 300 MHz to 450 MHz.System bus frequencies as high as 100 MHz are suonorted.The lower clock speeds will support a 66 MHz system bus frequency.The level-two cache，which operates at half the speed of the processor，stores 512 KB and has its own 64-bit dedicated bus.The level-one cache has been increased from 16 KB in the Pentium Pro to 32 KB in the Pentium II.
5)Power PC
In 1975，the 801 minicomputer project at IBM pioneered many of the architecture concepts used in RISC systems.T801，together with the Berkeley RISC I processor，launched the RISC movement.The 801，however，was simply a prototype intended to demonstrate design concepts. The success of the 801 project led IBM to develop a commercial RISC workstation proct，the RT PC.The RT PC，introced in 1986，adapted the architectural concepts of the 801 to an actual proct.The RT PC was not a commercial success，and it had many rivals with comparable or better performance.In 1990，IBM proced a third system，which built on the lessons of the 801 and the RT PC.[8] The IBM RISC System /6000 was a RISC-like superscalar machine marketed as a high-performance workstation;shortly after its introction，IBM began to refer to this as the Power architecture.
For its next step，IBM entered into an alliance with Motorola，developer of the 68000 series of microprocessors，and Apple，which used the Motorola chip in its Macintosh computers.The result is a series of machines that implement the Power PC architecture. Changes were made to add key missing features and to enable more efficient implementation by eliminating some instructions and relaxing the specification to eliminate some troublesome special case.[9] The resulting Power PC architecture is a superscalar RISC system.
So far，four member of the Power PC family have been introced.